Food Safety Masters Theses

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Browsing Food Safety Masters Theses by browse.metadata.department "Great Plains Institute of Food Safety"

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    Analysis of Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in Wheat
    (North Dakota State University, 2012) Burgess, Kimberly
    Deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin produced in cereal grains infected by Fusarium Head Blight produced by Fusarium graminearium and Deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside (DON-3G), were studied during processing using LC-MS-MS and GC. DON reduced significantly (P<0.05) 61.8% during milling into flour. Therefore, DON was concentrated mostly in the bran and germ. DON increased 40.8% during the fermentation stage of baking. DON increased in dough more than flour and mixed dough. Milling reduced by 23.7% but fermentation did not. But bread was significantly lower in DON-3G at 0.15 ppm than flour and dough at 0.31 ppm. The baking increased DON and decreased DON-3G showing a difference in stability of the mycotoxins during processing. Enzyme hydrolysis on DON using α-amylase, cellulase, protease, and xylanase, showed a significant increase with cellulase (20.8%), protease (11.4%), and xylanase (35.6%) compared to wheat composite. DON may be bound to the cell wall or protein component of the kernel.
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    Assessing Microbial Stability and Quality of Green Beans Using Various Home Canning Methods
    (North Dakota State University, 2013) Kuchynski, Jenny
    Today many consumers follow processing methods recommended either from family members or the internet, which they interpret as being safe. Processing temperature profiles, survival of B. stearothermophilus spores, texture, and color of green beans processed under four home canning methods were assessed. The products were processed using pressure, boiling water bath, steam, or oven canning methods. Pressure canning produced the greatest microbial reductions but this method resulted in the lowest bean quality. The boiling water bath, steam, and oven canning were found to be less safe because the product temperature never achieved 100°C and the resulting microbial counts, >1.7 log CFU/ml, were observed after processing. However, green bean quality was better than pressure canning, with beans from steam canning having the firmest texture and best green color. Although better green bean quality results were observed from internet or family based methods, their safety is questionable considering the high microbial survival.
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    Fate of Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside during the Malting Process
    (North Dakota State University, 2015) Jiang, Wei
    Deoxynivalenol (DON) is commonly found on small grains and causes food safety issues. Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside (DON-3-G) is a conjugate, formed as a defense response by the host plant. Past studies have shown both to be present in Fusarium infected small grains, and processed products like beer, but there is limited information on DON-3-G in malt. Objectives were to determine the levels of DON-3-G in barley and wheat, and to study its fate during malting of inoculated and commercial samples. Commercial barley and wheat samples were used to determine levels in naturally infected grain. During malting, barley DON declined 48% on average, but DON-3-G increased by 115%. Both compounds increased in malted wheat. The genotype x crop year interactions were significant for both toxins, indicating that the genotypes did not respond similarly in the two years. The potential for large amounts of DON-3-G to be formed during malting has not been reported.
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    The Occurrence of Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia Coli (Stec) and Salmonella Species in Cattle Feedlot Runoff
    (North Dakota State University, 2013) Tabe, Nessie Nanyongo
    Zoonotic foodborne pathogens such as shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella on farm environments can potentially contaminate organic manure or agricultural watersheds and subsequently fresh produce during fertilization or irrigation. This study investigated the occurrence of STEC and Salmonella serotypes in cattle feedlot runoff samples in two feedlots in North Dakota. Using standard laboratory culture methods this study reported a 39% prevalence of STEC O45, 33 % (O103), 31 % (O157), 27 % (O121), 16 % (O26), 10% (O111), 10% (O113), 10 % (O145) and 39.7 % Salmonella. Additionally, occurrence of some STEC serotypes was influenced by feedlot (O111 and O121), sampling location in relation to vegetative filter strips (O157), and sampling time (O45 and O121). Although this study was the first to report occurrence of STEC serotypes including non-O157 serotypes in cattle feedlot runoff, further studies are needed to quantify the pathogen load in runoff prior to disposal.
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    The Use of Communication Strategies to Influence Stakeholders to Implement Food Safety Management Systems in Small Custom-Exempt Meal Plants
    (North Dakota State University, 2014) Rathnasinghe, Shalindra Suresh
    This exploratory study used interviews to understand the culture and communication patterns of the stakeholders, employers, and employees. Interviews revealed that the topic of Food Safety was a very sensitive one as many were reluctant to share information. The study found that direct informal communication strategies are the best method to communicate custom-exempt meat plants. These communication strategies can be used to influence food safety practices.
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    Wheat Dockage Content: Analysis of Dockage and Its Relation to Fusarium Head Blight
    (North Dakota State University, 2016) Alhumaid, Taghrid Saleh
    Hard red spring wheat crop grown in different locations in the US were surveyed for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). DON is often found in wheat that is infected with the plant fungal disease Fusarium head blight. The contamination of wheat by DON is a major wheat industry concern since it affects human and livestock health. Furthermore, DON reduces wheat grain yield and quality. In this study, DON was measured using gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) in 1353 HRS wheat samples collected from 2013-2015. Results indicate that there was positive significant correlation (P<0.001) between DON content and damaged kernels (0.635) and total defects (0.445). However, for the three-year average, DON content had a weak positive significant correlation (P<0.001) with the percentage of wheat dockage (0.111). Overall, DON production had an effect on kernel damage and total defects, but DON production was not impacted by the percentage of wheat dockage.