Cereal Science Masters Theses

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Application of Response Surface Methodology in the Development of Gluten-Free Bread with Yellow Pea Flour Addition
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Jeradechachai, Thunyaporn
Yellow pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour fortified gluten-free (GF) bread formulation was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and the final product was evaluated for shelf life and sensory acceptability. A second-order model was fitted to the precooking temperature of pea flour (PTPF), water level, and proof time as the factors. Higher PTPF and lower proof time significantly (P<0.05) reduced the brightness of bread crumb. Crumb firmness was influenced by the PTPF, water level and proof time. The optimized parameters for PTPF, water level, and proof time were 156.9 °C, 523.8 g, and 18.0 min, respectively. The optimized bread had a brightness (L* value), specific volume, crumb firmness, and cell diameter of 68.2, 2.6 ml/g, 174.2 gf, and 3.81 mm, respectively. The optimized GF bread had longer shelf-life, but had significantly (P<0.05) lower acceptance scores, than the commercial premix bread product.
Assessing Microbial Stability and Quality of Green Beans Using Various Home Canning Methods
(North Dakota State University, 2013) Kuchynski, Jenny
Today many consumers follow processing methods recommended either from family members or the internet, which they interpret as being safe. Processing temperature profiles, survival of B. stearothermophilus spores, texture, and color of green beans processed under four home canning methods were assessed. The products were processed using pressure, boiling water bath, steam, or oven canning methods. Pressure canning produced the greatest microbial reductions but this method resulted in the lowest bean quality. The boiling water bath, steam, and oven canning were found to be less safe because the product temperature never achieved 100°C and the resulting microbial counts, >1.7 log CFU/ml, were observed after processing. However, green bean quality was better than pressure canning, with beans from steam canning having the firmest texture and best green color. Although better green bean quality results were observed from internet or family based methods, their safety is questionable considering the high microbial survival.
Black Bean Milling
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Carter, Claudia Elizabeth
Black bean milling to produce whole-bean flour and cotyledon flour by using a centrifugal mill and a burr mill/roller milling system, respectively, were investigated. The effect of black bean seed pretreatment (cooked-dried, soaked-dried, and tempered) on flour physical, chemical, and pasting characteristics were investigated. Whole flour milling was done with a centrifugal mill using mesh size of 500 μm, rotor speed of 12,000 rpm, and mill feed of 267+18 g/min. Cooked-dried, soaked-dried, and tempered black bean milling yields for whole flour reached 58, 59, and 66%, respectively. Roller mill was used with durum wheat settings. Cooked-dried, soaked-dried, and tempered black bean milling yields for cotyledon flour reached 75, 73, and 75%, respectively. Black bean seed changed physically and internally by cooking or soaking. Differences in moisture content were reflected to change milling-ability and physical quality of flour. Cooked-dried affected the most starch damage and pasting properties and for flour color.
Composition and Stability of Phytochemicals during Food Processing
(North Dakota State University, 2015) Gebreselassie, Etsehiwot Yohannes
Dietary phytochemicals are thought to reduce the incidence of chronic degenerative diseases. The concentration of these phytochemicals has been extensively studied, but less is known about their stability during food processing. The objective of this study was to determine the stability of lignans and other phytochemicals during the vinification and brewing processes. The amount of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), gallic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid increased up to 45 % during the vinification process; however, the amount of folic acid remained unchanged. SDG content was determined in barley for the first time. The SDG content also varied among barley varieties and showed a year-to-year variation. In addition, no SDG was detected during the mashing, lautering, boiling, and fermentation steps of the brewing process. Overall, processing techniques used in this study caused various effects on the stability of phytochemicals.
Effect of Flaxseed Fiber on Bread Quality Obtained from Frozen Dough
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Schlepp, Emily Beth
Fiber in frozen bread dough is thought to reduce the loss of yeast vitality and improve nutrition and quality of bread. The objective of this study was to determine the applicability of flaxseed fiber in frozen bread dough. Fiber was extracted from two sources of brown flaxseed and added to bread formulas at 0%, 1% and 3%. Dough was blast chilled and kept frozen until thawed at scheduled intervals. Thawed dough was proofed, baked into bread. Bread was tested analytically and by a sensory panel. Loss of overall quality was observed overtime. Breads containing flaxseed fiber had significantly larger loaf volumes (cc) and reduced firmness (g). A trained sensory panel detected significantly lower crumb firmness and stale flavors in breads containing flaxseed fiber. These results suggest flaxseed fiber has the potential to improve the perceived quality of frozen bread dough.
Effect of Operational Parameters on Laboratory Determination of Malt Fermentability
(North Dakota State University, 2013) Sehrawat, Jaidev
Prediction and variability in malt fermentability is a concern for breeders and brewers. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the variation in fermentability using two different laboratory mash methods. Another experiment was conducted to develop a relationship between malt/wort parameters and malt fermentability with addition of adjunct. The prediction of malt fermentability was achieved by using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis to evaluate which quality factors were able to best explain the observed variation in fermentability. The hot water extract (HWE) mash protocol showed a wider range of fermentability values than did the Congress mash. However, hot water extract mash method clearly showed better discriminative power. Diastatic Power (DP) explained about 50% of the variation in fermentability when using the Congress mash with all malt (i.e. 100%) and also with adjunct. While in case of HWE extract protocol, limit dextrinase activity was able to explain 32% of variation in fermentability with all malt and also with adjunct.
Effect of polyaccharides and proteins on refrigerated dough quality
(North Dakota State University, 2009) Zhang, Yu
Refrigerated dough is considered one of the most popular dough products in the food industry. Consumers appreciate the convenience, storage stability, and good organoleptic properties of refrigerated dough products. However, in practice, the quality of refrigerated dough can deteriorate during the storage as a result of liquid formation in dough, which is called "dough syruping". The objectives of this study were (1) characterization of the structural properties of dough components that affect dough syruping; (2) identification of rheological changes that occur during refrigeration, and as they relate to arabinoxylans (AX), starch and protein solubility. The data showed that AX solubilization and degradation occurred simultaneously with dough syruping. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and the viscosity analysis of AX aqueous solution confirmed that AX solubilization and degradation resulted in the increase of low molecular weight fraction and the decrease of high molecular weight fraction in water extractable AX (WEAX). The pasting properties and thermal properties of starch changed during the storage: peak viscosity decreased up to 23.1 % compared to flour samples during 34 days refrigerated storage. Variation in starch granular morphology was detected. These results showed that physicochemical properties of starch changed during refrigerated storage. The rheological properties of dough changed dramatically during refrigerated storage, which may have significant impacts on endproduct quality. Both, the elastic modulus (G') and viscous modulus (G") decreased. Dough exhibited the major decrease on the moduli on day 3 and day 16. By comparing the viscoelastic properties of dough samples on day O and day 16, 50% decrease on the elastic modulus and a roughly 30% decrease in the loss modulus were observed. Changes in the protein fractions of dough samples were related to their rheological properties. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides and proteins appear to be directly correlated to dough syruping, which may result in the diminishment of rheological and organoleptic properties of refrigerated doughs.
Effects of Pasteurization (Heating) on Milled Flaxseed Quality
(North Dakota State University, 2013) Turner, Cody Troy
Current food industry practices include the use of pasteurization (heat treatment) as a means to reduce the microbial counts of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum). Flaxseed was pasteurized using a dry air heat treatment of 148 °C for 16.25 minutes and the oxidative stability was observed over a 20 week storage period. Flaxseed quality was measured using peroxide value, percent free fatty acid (as oleic), and propanal content. Peroxide values of the pasteurized milled flaxseed were found to significantly increase (P ≤ 0.05) by week 2. Propanal formation coincided with peroxide value development over 20 weeks of storage. Pasteurized flaxseed milled under refrigerated temperatures (10 – 18 °C) did not exhibit any significant (P > 0.05) improvement in oxidative stability. Flaxseed pasteurization at 148 °C for 16.25 minutes using dry heat was found to be detrimental to the oxidative stability flaxseed once milled.
Evaluation of Extraction Methods and Groat Type With Effects on Quality Analysis of Oat Beverage
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Olson, Brandon Robert
The recent uptick in consumption of plant-based beverages has forced companies to modify production methods to further optimize the process. The objective of this study was to evaluate how groat type, water to grain ratio, and extraction method affect the quality and composition of oat beverage. Wet milling and the use of an amylase treatment produced significantly (p<0.05) higher values of degree Brix, solids, and total starch within the beverage base. Stabilized groats produced the highest value of total starch of 61.97%. Microbial analysis revealed that amylase treated products had a much lower colony forming units per gram (CFU/g), when compared to dry and wet milling. To produce an oat beverage with ideal rheological and composition values, the beverage must be derived from heat treated groats, a grain to water ratio of 1:4, and must undergo an α-amylase treatment.
Factors Influencing the Formation of Zein and Gum Arabic Complex Coacervates
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Wadhawan, Kirty
Complex Coacervates are mixtures of biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the optimum biopolymer ratio and pH for the formation of Zein protein and gum arabic complex coacervates, (2) determine the stability of Zein: GA coacervates as an emulsifier using flax oil, Transglutaminase (Tgase), Tween 80, and Span 80 (surfactants), and (3) determine optimum temperature for the stability of formed Zein: GA complex coacervates. The optimum ratio, pH and temperature were determined using turbidimetric and Zeta (ζ) potential analysis. Analysis confirmed the formation of stable Zein: GA coacervates at ratio 2:1, at pH 4.5 ± 0.05 and most stable at temperature 25 ± 2 °C. Zeta (ζ) potential analysis also confirmed the formation of stable emulsion using Zein: GA coacervates at 5% Tgase and 25% Span 80. Therefore, Zein: GA complex coacervates could be used as an emulsifier in food industry.
Growth of Fusarium Graminearum on Wheat Bran/Agar Cultures in Relation to Fusarium Head Blight Susceptibility
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Abeyratne, Meliza Stephnie
Research investigates the chemical basis for Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance and initiating development of a screening test for resistant wheat genotypes. The focus is on minimizing cost of screening and gaining chemical approach against FHB. Wheat bran/agar plates (8% bran, w/v) prepared from hard red spring wheat with different susceptibility to FHB were inoculated with F. graminearum. Fusarium plaque diameters and ergosterol levels after 4 days of growth were significantly lower (p< 0.05) on plates prepared from genotypes with low FHB susceptibility than from high FHB susceptible genotypes. F. graminearum growth was lower, when methanol-soluble compounds (MSC) extracted from a low FHB susceptibility genotype, Glenn, were added to high susceptibility genotype, Samson. Wheat bran/agar plates enriched with linoleic acid significantly (p<0.05) reduced the growth rate of F. graminearum in both Glenn and Samson genotypes. Oxygenated fatty acids, including monohydroxy- and dihydroxy- fatty acids were identified in the MSC.
Historical and Modern Hard Red Spring Wheat Comparison: Analysis of Proximate, Enzyme Activity, Phenolic Acid, and Starch Properties
(North Dakota State University, 2016) Schwebach, Catherine Suzanne
Some claim modern wheat is biochemically different from historic wheat and contributes to chronic diseases. This research was necessary to determine if any significant differences existed between historic and modern hard red spring (HRS) wheat in several physical and chemical components. Thirty HRS cultivars were grown in the same year and location and underwent laboratory analysis. In relation to release year, significant (P<0.05) differences were found for ash content (AC), phosphorous, potassium, zinc, arabinose-to-xylose ratio, enzyme activities, and phenolic acids in whole wheat, AC, and α-amylase and xylanase activities in white flour, and total starch in bread. The remaining parameters displayed no significant (P>0.05) differences in correlation to release year, including starch digestibility. The majority of results indicate no significant biochemical variations between the historic and modern HRS cultivars. Parameters that demonstrated differences have the potential to affect consumer health and nutrition, but are dependent on bioavailability and consumer choice.
Investigation of Protein Composition in Historical and Modern Hard Red Spring Wheat Cultivars
(North Dakota State University, 2016) Malalgoda, Marie Maneka Rajini
Many hard red spring (HRS) wheat cultivars have been released in North Dakota with improved traits. In this study, 30 HRS wheat cultivars released between 1910 and 2013 were investigated. The objectives of this study were to determine how wheat protein chemistry changed over the last century, and if modern wheat is more toxic in terms of celiac disease in comparison to historical wheat. The gliadin and glutenin protein profiles were analyzed using HPLC, and immunogenic peptides causing celiac disease was determined using mass spectrometry. Cluster analysis was performed to evaluate how the cultivars clustered with regard to parentage and protein separation profiles. The results indicated that ω-gliadin together with glutenin proteins may have a positive contribution towards favorable dough properties, and that these cultivars can be clustered according year when parentage and protein HPLC area data are used. Additionally, immunogenic peptides were detected in both historical and modern wheat.
Iron Biofortification Potential of Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Amarakoon, Amarakoon Rajapakse Wasala Mohotti Mudiyanselage Darshika
Iron (Fe) deficiency affects more than 3 billion of the global population. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the genetic and environmental variation of seed Fe concentration and food matrix factors that govern Fe bioavailability in field peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in North Dakota, USA in 2010 and 2011, and (2) determine the genetic variation of Fe uptake by field pea grown under greenhouse conditions with different Fe treatments. Seed Fe concentration in field pea samples from the field study ranged between 46-53 mg/kg with a mean of 51 mg/kg. Mean concentrations of the food matrix factors in those field peas were as follows: phytic acid=5.1 mg/g, xanthophyll=17.3 mg/100 g, canthaxanthin=86.8 mg/100 g, beta-carotene=516.8 μg/100 g, kestose=1697 mg/100g, quercetin=54.3 mg/100 g, and ferulic acid=46.9 mg/100 g. DS Admiral and CDC Golden showed high concentrations of Fe promoter compounds and low concentrations of phytic acid. DS Admiral showed high Fe uptake with increasing Fe fertilizer rates in the greenhouse study. Therefore, DS Admiral and CDC Golden could be potential field pea genotypes for future Fe biofortification efforts.
Phenolic Antioxidant-Linked Bioactive Enrichment in Black Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) To Screen for Health Benefits and Enhancement of Salinity Resilience
(North Dakota State University, 2016) Orwat, Jordan
Dietary consumption of black bean has diverse human health benefits which can be targeted as part of dietary strategies for chronic disease management. A gap in knowledge currently exists regarding how to advance the efficient production of black bean under abiotic stress conditions with the potential to simultaneously enrich human health-relevant bioactives in harvested beans. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of seed and foliar elicitation treatments on metabolic regulation and health-relevant bioactive markers in dark-germinated sprouts and field-grown black beans using in vitro assays. Further, a study was designed to evaluate the combined effects of salinity stress, seed elicitation, and genotypes on regulation of salinity stress response. Significant improvement in total soluble phenolic content, and total antioxidant activity following seed and foliar elicitation treatments were found. Further seed elicitation resulted in improvement in antioxidant enzyme responses and associated higher salinity stress tolerance.
Physicochemical Properties of Pre-Harvest Sprouted Hard Spring Wheat
(North Dakota State University, 2011) Lu, Haiyan
Pre-Harvest Sprouting (PHS) can cause severe economic loss in wheat grown across many areas of the world. Prolonged rainfall before harvest and high temperatures can contribute to the occurrence of PHS. Grain growers prefer wheat genotypes with low susceptibility to PHS. The objective of this study was to examine the physicochemical properties of Hard Red Spring Wheat (HRSW) and Hard White Spring Wheat (HWSW) affected by PHS. Physicochemical properties of the starch and protein in HRSW and HWSW were significantly affected by PHS. α-Amylase was determined using an Azurine-crosslinked amylose substrate (AZCL-Amylose; Megazyme Co., Ltd). Endo-protease activity was determined using an Azurine-crosslinked substrate (Protazyme AK tablet; Megazyme Co., Ltd). Mean value of α-amylase of PHS damaged wheat (2.00 CU/g) was 17 times greater than sound wheat (0.12 CU/g). Mean value of endo-protease of PHS damaged wheat (2.30 A_{590}/g/h) was 1.6 times higher than sound wheat (1.44 A_{590}/g/h). PHS increased both α-amylase and endo-protease activities, resulting in the hydrolysis of starch and protein molecules. However, the increased endo-protease activity was not as significant as the increase in the α-amylase activity in PHS wheat. In a scale of 1.0-9.0, the wheat genotypes had significantly different sprouting scores ranging from 2.5 to 7.8, which had positive correlations with α-amylase and endoprotease activities (P<0.001 ). Consequently, genotypes showed differences in degradation of starch and protein molecules. The endo-protease activity of PHS samples had greater correlation (r= 0.78) with protein degradation measured by High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC) than with sprouting score (r = 0.57). The degree of protein degradation was better estimated by the endo-protease activity than sprouting score in PHS samples. The pasting properties of starch were measured by Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). Mean value of peak viscosity of PHS damaged wheat decreased up to 96% compared to that of sound wheat sample. HPSEC was used to detect the starch molecular weight distribution. PHS damaged wheat had lower molecular weight for high molecular weight amylopectin (HMW-AP) and higher molecular weight for low molecular weight amylopectin (LMW-AP) and amylose. This result indicated that PHS had changed the molecular weight distribution of starch. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) buffer extractable proteins (EXP) and un-extractable proteins (UNP) were analyzed by HPSEC. Some portion of UNP had changed to EXP. The result indicated that the molecular weight distribution of protein had been changed due to PHS.
Prebiotics in Lentil (Lens Culinaris L.)
(North Dakota State University, 2013) Johnson, Casey Ray
Prebiotic carbohydrates are an important component of healthy diet. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare the concentrations of prebiotic carbohydrates in different lentil genotypes and growing locations and (2) to compare the concentrations of prebiotic carbohydrates in lentil under various processing and preparation procedures. Mean concentrations of prebiotics in lentil genotypes were as follows: raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFO) (raffinose + stachyose, 2509 mg; verbascose, 1562 mg), fructo-oligosaccharides (nystose, 62 mg), sugar alcohols (sorbitol, 1220 mg; mannitol, 203 mg), and resistant starch (RS), 7.5 g 100 g-1. Modest RFO concentration reductions were observed with cooking, cooling, and reheating. Mean RS concentration in raw, cooked, cooled, and reheated lentil were 3.0, 3.0, 5.1, and 5.1 g/100g respectively, clearly demonstrating cooling-induced synthesis of RS. Study results suggest that lentil contains nutritionally significant concentrations of prebiotics and that those concentrations may be enhanced through breeding, locational sourcing, and cooking and preparation procedures.
Quality and Estimated Glycemic Index of Bread Fortified with Soy Protein Isolate
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Fujiwara, Natsuki
More than 25 and 79 million individuals in the U.S. have diabetes and pre-diabetes, respectively. Many individuals are required to monitor blood glucose levels. Glycemic index (GI), a measurement of how a food affects the blood glucose level, is a method for selecting foods by diabetic populations. The effect of soy protein isolate (SPI) on the glycemic response of bread was determined, including the quality characteristics of bread made with various SPI percentages. Lower loaf volumes, firmer texture and open grain structure were observed in breads as the level of SPI increased. Estimated GI (eGI) significantly decreased (p<0.05) with increased SPI levels and also a significant correlation (p<0.05) was found between these indices and SPI concentrations. This indicates that fortification of SPI in the bread can reduce eGI and possibly provide a health benefit to the diabetic population. This experiment provided useful insights into SPI effect on eGI and bread quality characteristics.
Quality Improvement of Soymilk Processed from Two Soybean Varieties
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Zhang, Yan
Five soymilk quality-related characteristics were investigated as affected by different grinding, heating, extraction methods and varieties. The five characteristics are (1) protein and solid recovery, (2) trypsin inhibitor activity, (3) antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity, (4) soy odor, and (5) isoflavone content and profile. The two varieties were Prosoy and black soybeans. The results show that significant differences existed among the three grinding methods (ambient grinding, cold grinding, and hot grinding). Ambient grinding gave the best protein and solid recoveries. Hot grinding showed the best results for the other four parameters. Cold grinding gave the poorest performance, with the exception of the odor profile. The three heating methods (traditional stove cooking, one-phase UHT, two-phase UHT) also resulted in significant differences in the chemical compounds and properties of the soymilk. In many cases, the effects of heating methods were closely related to grinding methods and varieties. Our results clearly demonstrated that a UHT processor equipped with a vacuum chamber was a very efficient way to reduce or eliminate some undesirable soy odors, especially in conjunction with hot grinding. Our results also demonstrated that many complex reactions occurred during thermal treatment. Because of different seed characteristics, the two different varieties behaved differently during processing. For both varieties, extraction with okara washing water from last batch (Method #2) gave the highest solid and protein recoveries.
Selenium on Increasing Lentil (Lens Culinaris Medikus.) Grain Yield
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Ekanayake, Lukshman Jayampathi
Selenium is an essential element for mammals but it has not been considered as essential for higher plants. The effect of Se application on lentil grain yield, antioxidant activity, nitrogen fixation, and seed Se concentration studied. Experiments were conducted at Carrington Research and Extension Center in 2012 and 2013. Selenium fertilization increased the lentil grain yield by 5 % in 2012 and by 9 % in 2013. Selenium application increased the antioxidant activity (70 % inhibition) of lentils compared to the untreated control (61% inhibition). Percentage nitrogen derived from air was increased with Se fertilization by 17 % and 12 % in 2012 and 2013, respectively, with Se fertilization. Seed Se concentration was significantly higher in selenate treated lentils (1.4 mg/kg) compared to selenite (0.9 mg/kg) and the control (0.6 mg/kg). Overall, application of Se increased lentil grain yield, nitrogen fixation, antioxidant protection, and seed Se concentration.

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Browsing Cereal Science Masters Theses by browse.metadata.department "Plant Sciences"