Food Safety, Great Plains Institute of

Permanent URI for this communityhdl:10365/32428

Research from the Great Plains Institute of Food Safety. The institute website may be found at https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/foodsafety

Browse

Now showing 1 - 19 of 19

Analysis of Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in Wheat
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Burgess, Kimberly
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin produced in cereal grains infected by Fusarium Head Blight produced by Fusarium graminearium and Deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside (DON-3G), were studied during processing using LC-MS-MS and GC. DON reduced significantly (P<0.05) 61.8% during milling into flour. Therefore, DON was concentrated mostly in the bran and germ. DON increased 40.8% during the fermentation stage of baking. DON increased in dough more than flour and mixed dough. Milling reduced by 23.7% but fermentation did not. But bread was significantly lower in DON-3G at 0.15 ppm than flour and dough at 0.31 ppm. The baking increased DON and decreased DON-3G showing a difference in stability of the mycotoxins during processing. Enzyme hydrolysis on DON using α-amylase, cellulase, protease, and xylanase, showed a significant increase with cellulase (20.8%), protease (11.4%), and xylanase (35.6%) compared to wheat composite. DON may be bound to the cell wall or protein component of the kernel.
Assessing Microbial Stability and Quality of Green Beans Using Various Home Canning Methods
(North Dakota State University, 2013) Kuchynski, Jenny
Today many consumers follow processing methods recommended either from family members or the internet, which they interpret as being safe. Processing temperature profiles, survival of B. stearothermophilus spores, texture, and color of green beans processed under four home canning methods were assessed. The products were processed using pressure, boiling water bath, steam, or oven canning methods. Pressure canning produced the greatest microbial reductions but this method resulted in the lowest bean quality. The boiling water bath, steam, and oven canning were found to be less safe because the product temperature never achieved 100°C and the resulting microbial counts, >1.7 log CFU/ml, were observed after processing. However, green bean quality was better than pressure canning, with beans from steam canning having the firmest texture and best green color. Although better green bean quality results were observed from internet or family based methods, their safety is questionable considering the high microbial survival.
Detection and Molecular Typing of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
(North Dakota State University, 2015) Velasco, Valeria
Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, and the serotype (ST) 398 have been associated with human and livestock infections, being also detected in retail meat. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular types of S. aureus strains from animals, retail raw meat, deli meat, and humans, determining the genetic similarity between the strains. A two-step selective enrichment followed by selective plating were used to isolate S. aureus from animals (n=167), retail raw meat (n=145), and deli meat (n=46). In addition, S. aureus from healthy people (n=550) was isolated by culture method. Positive isolates and MRSA isolates from clinical cases (n=108) were subjected to multiplex PCR (16S rRNA, mecA, and PVL genes), molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. In addition, a real-time PCR assay was developed in order to decrease the time of detection of target genes of S. aureus in animal and meat samples, comparing the results with the standard culture/PCR method. The prevalence of S. aureus was 34.7% in animals, 47.6% in meat, and 13.0% in deli meat. The mecA gene was detected in S. aureus isolated from five pork meat samples and exhibited penicillin resistance. The ST398 was found in sheep, pigs, and pork meat. The S. aureus nasal carriage in healthy people was 7.6%. A total of 105 MRSA strains (97.2%) from clinical cases harbored the mecA gene and 11 (10.2%) the PVL gene. The rate of MDR was 70% in humans. A genetic similarity between strains from animals and meat, and from humans and meat was observed. Total agreement between the culture/PCR method and real-time PCR for detection of S. aureus was 68.9 to 97.8% (k=0.68-0.88), and the mecA gene, 86.7 to 98.7% (k=0-0.49). Therefore, the real-time PCR assay may be recommended as a rapid method for the detection of S. aureus, with confirmation of MRSA using the standard culture method. The presence of emerging S. aureus strains in the meat production chain and the genetic similarity between strains of different origin, suggests the contamination of meat, and a potential risk of transmission to humans.
Does Consumption of Beef from Cattle Administered Growth-Enhancing Technology Trigger Early Estrus in Pre-Pubertal Gilts?
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Anderson, Giovana Maranho
The objective was to determine if pre-pubertal gilts supplemented ground beef obtained from steers implanted with growth enhancing technology caused precocious puberty. Twenty-four gilts were selected for the same birth date from common parentage. Upon reaching 61 days of age, daily delivery of the low-estrogenicity base diet was supplemented with: 114 g beef natural patty (NAT), 114 g beef patty from steers that had received growth promoting implants (100 mg trenbolone acetate and 14 mg estradiol benzoate; IMP), 198 g tofu patty (TOFU), or the negative control (base diet only; CON). The estradiol equivalents (ng/kg) of the TOFU were approximately 500 fold times the NAT and 350 fold the IMP supplement. No differences (P = 0.55) were observed in number of days to reach estrus, feed efficiency (P > 0.19), live weight gain (P = 0.89), loin muscle development (P = 0.45), or subcutaneous fat deposition (P = 0.71).
Escherichia Coli in Bovine Calf Scours
(North Dakota State University, 2015) Starr, Crystal
Scours is caused by inflammation of the intestinal tract of ruminants leading to significant mortality and morbidity rates. It is predominately found in neonatal ruminants where the disease can occur 36 hours after birth. One of the most common infectious agents linked to scours is pathogenic Escherichia coli. Therefore, it is important to understand the virulence factors, diagnostic assays, age of the animals infected, and the co-factors associated with an E. coli scours outbreak. These factors are important in both scours disease pathogenesis and potential food safety-related postharvest pathogens. Using the most frequently identified virulence factors, a new scours diagnostic assay could be created to detect and prevent disease in cattle. The present study determined that virulence factors astA, fimC, fimH, int1, int2, irp2, papC were identified over 15% percent of the time and could be implemented into a more specific multiplex PCR test for pathogenic E. coli.
Fate of Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside during the Malting Process
(North Dakota State University, 2015) Jiang, Wei
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is commonly found on small grains and causes food safety issues. Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside (DON-3-G) is a conjugate, formed as a defense response by the host plant. Past studies have shown both to be present in Fusarium infected small grains, and processed products like beer, but there is limited information on DON-3-G in malt. Objectives were to determine the levels of DON-3-G in barley and wheat, and to study its fate during malting of inoculated and commercial samples. Commercial barley and wheat samples were used to determine levels in naturally infected grain. During malting, barley DON declined 48% on average, but DON-3-G increased by 115%. Both compounds increased in malted wheat. The genotype x crop year interactions were significant for both toxins, indicating that the genotypes did not respond similarly in the two years. The potential for large amounts of DON-3-G to be formed during malting has not been reported.
Food Safety Culture: An Underlying Cause for Success and Failures of Food Safety Management Systems
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Vashisht, Ashwini Kumar
Food Safety Culture (FSC) is an emerging behavior-based food-safety management concept. FSC has been linked as an underlying cause for food-safety management-system failures during foodborne outbreaks and recall investigations. This paper reviews the available literature on FSC for the origin, definitions, factors, barriers, and dimensions that influence the FSC’s performance and measurements. Data were obtained from peer-reviewed journals as well as publicly available information on the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) websites. The roles of organizational leadership and communication, food-handler behaviors, risk perception, regulatory authorities, and technological advancements are evaluated for FSC development and enhancement. It can be concluded that there is a need for a strong FSC within food manufacturing and service organizations because it enhances the food-safety management systems’ performance and may also reduce the global burden of foodborne illnesses and diseases.
Foreign Material Identification and Removal in the Food Safety Industry
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Dumas, Daniel Richard
Changes in the food industry including the mass production in response to the globalization of the food chain have led to additional food safety and quality challenges for the food industry. One aspect of these challenges is the effective identification and removal of foreign materials from products. The development and implementation of new manufacturing processes, materials, and techniques can produce many types of foreign materials or contribute to the challenges to their removal. These challenges facing the food industry are requiring more levels of protection along with advances in technologies to help reduce the potential safety and quality concerns of foreign materials. Foreign material identification is important for consumer safety as well as product image and sales. The technologies available for these purposes will be reviewed as well as some traditional methods used as well as some of short comings or problems facing these technologies in the food industry.
High Pressure Processing and Nisin as Possible Nonthermal Treatments for Control of Listeria and Impact on Quality Attributes in Cold Smoked Pacific Sockeye Salmon
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Desrocher, Lisa Dawn
Cold smoked salmon products are considered high risk for Listeria monocytogenes contamination by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration due to lack of validated kill step. Currently, there are no commercialized post-packaging control measures to mitigate Listeria spp. in cold smoked salmon processing. Nisin applied during cold smoked salmon processing has been reported to reduce L. monocytogenes with no change in final product organoleptic properties. High pressure processing of cold smoked salmon post-packaging has also been reported to mitigate L. monocytogenes. However, the pressure and time required have adverse effects on cold smoked salmon such as lightening of flesh color. The effectiveness of nisin and high-pressure processing on the survival of Listeria innocua in cold smoked salmon was recently reported. The combination of Nisin and HPP was found to be more effective for controlling L. innocua than either treatment alone while maintaining desirable consumer attributes.
Listeria Monocytogenes in the Retail Food Service Environment
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Walpuck, David Andrew
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the biggest microbial concerns affecting today’s food industry. It is a ubiquitous liability with a high mortality rate, unique characteristics of growth and survival in many environmental conditions, making the pathogen a true risk to consumer health. Recent outbreaks of listeriosis have caused fatalities, massive well-publicized recalls costing the food industry heavy financial losses and damaged reputation. L. monocytogenes is the forefront of impediment and educational efforts from private industry and government agencies. The purpose of this study is to assess the features and concern of L. monocytogenes in the retail food service environment and its impact on operations. Regulatory surveillance of testing environmental samples and food products for L. monocytogenes highlight prevention. Organizations in the retail food service industry need a separate plan for training, food handling, sanitation and financial allocation to combat the potential threat of L. monocytogenes contamination.
Occurrence of Salmonella and Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready to Eat Meats in the United States: 2000-2010
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Ntaate, Anthony Wilfred
The purpose of this review is to characterize the occurrence of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in ready to eat (RTE) meats in the United States between the years 2000-2010. Data were obtained from the CDC foodborne outbreak online database, morbidity and mortality weekly reports, summary of notifiable diseases and the foodborne outbreaks page. Additional information was obtained from peer reviewed journals. RTE roast pork, turkey deli meat, and Italian type salami meats were the vehicles in the Salmonella outbreaks reported. Half of the eight outbreaks reviewed were multistate in nature affecting many states and the rest were sporadic. The Salmonella serotypes isolated were Salmonella Uganda, Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Montevideo, whereas the L. monocytogenes serotypes were 1/2a and 4b. The major risk factors for listeriosis and salmonellosis outbreaks were being elderly and having an underlying immunocompromising medical condition. Pregnant women were particularly at risk for listeriosis.
The Occurrence of Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia Coli (Stec) and Salmonella Species in Cattle Feedlot Runoff
(North Dakota State University, 2013) Tabe, Nessie Nanyongo
Zoonotic foodborne pathogens such as shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella on farm environments can potentially contaminate organic manure or agricultural watersheds and subsequently fresh produce during fertilization or irrigation. This study investigated the occurrence of STEC and Salmonella serotypes in cattle feedlot runoff samples in two feedlots in North Dakota. Using standard laboratory culture methods this study reported a 39% prevalence of STEC O45, 33 % (O103), 31 % (O157), 27 % (O121), 16 % (O26), 10% (O111), 10% (O113), 10 % (O145) and 39.7 % Salmonella. Additionally, occurrence of some STEC serotypes was influenced by feedlot (O111 and O121), sampling location in relation to vegetative filter strips (O157), and sampling time (O45 and O121). Although this study was the first to report occurrence of STEC serotypes including non-O157 serotypes in cattle feedlot runoff, further studies are needed to quantify the pathogen load in runoff prior to disposal.
Ochratoxin A and Ochratoxigenic Fungi in Freshly Harvested and Stored Barley and Wheat
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Kuruc, Julie
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxin produced both prior to harvest and during storage by Penicillium and Aspergillus species in a variety of commodities. Although several studies have been conducted in Europe and Canada examining the occurrence and concentration of OTA in cereal grains, data is lacking for the United States, where guidance levels and regulations do not exist. This study aims to fill in the knowledge gaps surrounding OTA and ochratoxigenic fungi in barley and durum and hard red spring wheat grown in the northwestern and Upper Great Plains regions of the United States. In total 2.7% (n = 37) of the 1370 samples taken over 2 consecutive years had detectable levels of OTA (0.15-9.11 ng/g) directly after harvest. The number of positive samples was significantly greater in 2012 compared to 2011. This difference may be due to weather conditions during the planting and growing seasons or simply natural variation between years. Stored barley and wheat (N = 262) had a higher prevalence (12.2%) and greater range (0.16-185.24 ng/g) of OTA compard to freshly harvested samples. Although 81.3% of the OTA-positive samples had been stored for ≥6 months, samples that had been stored for as short as 1 month also tested positive. These results underline the importance of proper storage conditions in minimizing OTA contamination. P. verrucosum was found to be the primary ochratoxigenic species in these samples. Of the 110 isolates tested, 64.7% were confirmed OTA producers. Samples containing >1 ng/g OTA had significantly more OTA-producing P. verrucosum strains than samples with undetectable OTA. Infestation rate did not correlate with OTA level. Additionally, OTA concentration did not correlate with otanpsPN, an OTA biosynthesis gene. This indicates that the concentration of P. verrucosum in a sample may increase the likelihood of contamination but is not a reliable indicator of OTA level.
Presence of Escherichia Coli and Salmonella Enterica on Wheat and Possible Control Measures
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Anderson, Cassie Alexandra Palm
Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the most important cereal crops grown in the U.S., with an average of 50 million acres planted on an annual basis. Wheat is milled into flour or semolina, which is used to make bread, cookies, noodles, and pasta. Because some consumers eat raw flour, it is necessary for it to be free of pathogens including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. The fecal matter of cattle and poultry often contains these bacteria and can contaminate wheat. Currently, there are no requirements for controlling E. coli and S. enterica in wheat, which has resulted in outbreaks of both pathogens. Thus, future research must focus on the development of processes that control these pathogens in wheat. Possibilities include feeding livestock probiotics, pasteurization, irradiation, and non-thermal plasma processing. The further development and implementation of these processes would decrease the safety risks associated with consuming raw wheat.
A Quantitative Cost Model of HACCP Implementation
(North Dakota State University, 2011) Wu, Zhen
Foodbome illness is an important public health problem in the United States. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is widely acknowledged as an effective method to ensure product quality and control foodbome hazards. Existing literature considers the economic aspects of implementing a HACCP plan and identifies the major cost items for specific firms but stops short of providing a model to quantitatively analyze the cost of HACCP implementation over a variety of firms. This research used the case study method to refine the Prevention-Appraisal-Failure (PAF) model to identify potential costs associated with the implementation of HACCP plans and develop a cost estimation model for calculating total cost. The model was refined based on the process of applying it to two North Dakota food processing plants.
Synthesis and Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Antimicrobial Activities of Palmityl Ester Derivative of Carnosic Acid
(North Dakota State University, 2013) Prasad, Asharani
Carnosic acid (CA) along with carnosol (CAR) is the strongest phenolic diterpene antioxidants (PDAs) present in rosemary plant. However, CA has low antioxidant activity in emulsion-type food system due to its polar nature. The identification and characterization of the anticancer and antimicrobial properties of natural products and their semisynthetic derivative such as that of CA and CAR have received significant interest over the years. The goals of this research were to synthesize lipophilic palmityl derivative (PE) of CA and study its antioxidant activity in bulk and emulsified corn oil. Anticancer properties against CCRF-CEM, K-562 and P388D1 leukemia cell lines and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus auerus (S. auerus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria were also tested. A four steps synthetic route was designed. In the first step CAR was converted into a benzyloxy protected benzyl ester of CA (yield 78%). Reduction of the benzyl ester to a primary alcohol (yield 63%) followed by esterification with palmitoyl chloride gave the palmityl ester derivative (yield 97%). Finally, double bond reduction followed by deprotection of benzyloxy group gave PE (yield 99%). Overall yield for the route was 47%. The modification of CA affected functionality. PE had improved antioxidant activity in emulsified corn oil compared to bulk corn oil than the CA. However, CA was more effective in bulk oil. Compounds with hydroxyl groups were found to have cytotoxicity against three cell lines CCRF-CEM, P388D1 and K-562. Among compounds tested, CAR was found to be the most potent anticancer agent against all three cell lines. The study also indicated structure dependent activities for the compounds that had hydroxy group at the C-20 position. CA and CAR had antimicrobial activity against S. auerus, B. cereus, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7. S. auerus, B. cereus were more sensitive to CA and CAR than Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7. Other compounds, without hydroxyl groups, did not have antimicrobial activity. Study also indicated that antimicrobial activity varied depending on functional group present at C-20 position. Compound PE did improve antioxidant activity in emulsion but did not improve antimicrobial activity.
Total Glucosinolate Preservation and Near Infrared Prediction in Rapeseed Meal
(North Dakota State University, 2015) Kittelson, Jayd Marshal
Glucosinolates (GLS) and their hydrolysis products are of great food and feed safety concern because they are responsible for both the beneficial and harmful properties of GLS-containing plants. Understanding GLS storage stability and total GLS concentration in Brassica oil meals is important to ensuring livestock health. The storage stability of GLS and potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for screening the total GLS content of various Brassica meals obtained globally and over multiple growing seasons was evaluated. Decreases were observed in meal stored at 4 oC. GLS storage stability within stored Brassica meals was possible for 18 months and possibly longer providing the seed meals are protected from exposure to moisture conditions that promote endogenous myrosinase hydrolysis. NIRS spectra data from 400 to 2500 nm were recorded on various Brassica meal samples (186) at 2 nm intervals. A global calibration using the Brassica database was developed for both ground and unground meal samples with a modified partial least squares regression analysis of conventional laboratory analysis. The optimum NIR calibrations utilized the first derivative and standard normal variate data preprocessing. The ground NIRS calibration for total GLS resulted in a coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error of the calibration (SEC) and relative predictive determinant (RPD) of 0.96, 6.05, and 6.32, respectively, while the unground NIR calibration had a R2, SEC, and RPD of 0.93, 7.65, and 5.88, respectively. Finally, a sample set (20) with known GLS concentration (by HPLC) was split and one subset was analyzed via NIR “as is” and the other subset was analyzed by NIR after drying for 16 hours at 60 oC in a vacuum oven. The dried Brassica meal sample set had a slightly better residual (HPLC - NIR) standard deviation (4.57) and average residual (-0.74), compared to the “as is” moisture sample set standard deviation (5.00) and average residual (-1.26). The use of NIRS as a routine analytical method for total GLS in Brassica meals destined for animal feeds has great potential. In addition, the low cost of the NIR analysis may be attractive for manufacturers of Brassica meals.
The Use of Communication Strategies to Influence Stakeholders to Implement Food Safety Management Systems in Small Custom-Exempt Meal Plants
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Rathnasinghe, Shalindra Suresh
This exploratory study used interviews to understand the culture and communication patterns of the stakeholders, employers, and employees. Interviews revealed that the topic of Food Safety was a very sensitive one as many were reluctant to share information. The study found that direct informal communication strategies are the best method to communicate custom-exempt meat plants. These communication strategies can be used to influence food safety practices.
Wheat Dockage Content: Analysis of Dockage and Its Relation to Fusarium Head Blight
(North Dakota State University, 2016) Alhumaid, Taghrid Saleh
Hard red spring wheat crop grown in different locations in the US were surveyed for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). DON is often found in wheat that is infected with the plant fungal disease Fusarium head blight. The contamination of wheat by DON is a major wheat industry concern since it affects human and livestock health. Furthermore, DON reduces wheat grain yield and quality. In this study, DON was measured using gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) in 1353 HRS wheat samples collected from 2013-2015. Results indicate that there was positive significant correlation (P<0.001) between DON content and damaged kernels (0.635) and total defects (0.445). However, for the three-year average, DON content had a weak positive significant correlation (P<0.001) with the percentage of wheat dockage (0.111). Overall, DON production had an effect on kernel damage and total defects, but DON production was not impacted by the percentage of wheat dockage.

Browse

Browsing Food Safety, Great Plains Institute of by browse.metadata.department "Great Plains Institute of Food Safety"