NDSU Theses & Dissertations

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Research performed to achieve a formal degree from NDSU. Includes theses, dissertations, master's papers, and videos. The Libraries are currently undertaking a scanning project to include all bound student theses, dissertations, and masters papers.

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Ad Libitum Fluid Intake and Plasma Responses Following Pickle Juice, Hypertonic Saline, and Deionized Water Ingestion
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Allen, Scott Thomas
Some clinicians warn against pickle juice (PJ) ingestion due to its sodium. PJ drinking guidelines have been developed but never tested. The purpose of this study was to determine if drinking PJ, hypertonic saline (HS), or deionized water (DIW) affected ad libitum DIW ingestion, plasma variables, or perceptions of thirst, fullness, or nausea (perceptual indicators). On three days, subjects were dehydrated (~2%), given one of three treatment drinks, rated its palatability, and rehydrated with DIW ad libitum. Over 60 minutes of rehydration blood samples and perceptual indicators were collected. Subjects consumed more DIW ad libitum following HS and PJ than DIW. Plasma variables and perceptions of thirst, fullness and nausea didn’t differ between treatment drinks. The rationale behind PJ drinking guidelines is questionable. Subjects drink more, not less, after PJ ingestion. Plasma variables and perceptual indicators didn’t differ between PJ and DIW. Athletes should schedule their drinking to fully rehydrate.
An Analysis of Certified Athletic Trainers’ Ability to Provide High-Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) over Hockey Shoulder Pads
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Estabrooks, Adam Gregory
Certified Athletic Trainers (ATCs) are expected to perform CPR for athletes regardless of whether the athlete is wearing protective equipment. The goal of this research was to determine /if ATCs were able to/ deliver high-quality CPR over hockey shoulder pads. Fifty ATCs completed CPR according to 2015 AHA guidelines on a medium-fidelity manikin, which had been fitted with hockey shoulder pads. CPR quality was measured with the Resusci Anne Wireless SkillReporter. CPR data included the following dimensions of compressions: overall score, mean rate, chest compression fraction, mean depth, % chest recoil, and % compressions with appropriate depth. Data were analyzed to compare differences of CPR performance between covariates. Overall score separated by gender was significant with men outperforming women. 56% of ATCs did not compress at the recommended depth. Therefore, the removal of hockey shoulder pads is recommended to ensure high-quality CPR performance as administered by ATCs.
Assessing the Reliability of Two Orthopedic Special Tests to Determine Hip Flexor Contracture with the Assessment of Pelvic Tilt Angle during a Back Squat
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Grieshaber, Derrick
Orthopedic specialists use Special Tests to determine a pathology’s presence. Hip flexor contracture is linked to injury predisposition and postural anomalies. This research examined reliability for the Modified Thomas and Ely’s Special Tests when evaluating hip flexor contracture, and its effect on dynamic exercise. Twenty adults were randomized in a study and analyzed for hip flexor contracture. Dartfish Motion Analysis measured hip and knee flexion angles. Participants performed isometric squats to determine their maximal voluntary isometric contraction, which was later used to calculate exercise prescription for the eight-repetition dynamic back squat. Inter-rater reliability was slight to fair for iliopsoas contracture during the Modified Thomas Test. Overall analysis of pre-/post-test pelvic tilt and dynamic pelvic tilt between repetitions was not statistically significant (p<.05). Hip flexion between repetitions was statistically significant (p=.016). Clinicians should exert caution when defining pathology utilizing Special Tests and the effect of hip flexor contracture on dynamic movement.
Comparing Subjective Fatigue During Two Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Models
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Reichel, Rachel
Bystanders are the first rescuers to perform CPR for patients suffering from cardiac arrest. Compression-only CPR decreases the amount of interruption time between compressions but increases the fatigue of the rescuer. In this study, participants were certified as lay rescuers and performed two compression-only CPR protocols for eight minutes and 59 seconds. The two protocols were 30 compressions to a 10-second break and continuous compressions with as many 10-second breaks as needed. Body mass index and hand grip strength were collected before the CPR protocols. Rate of Perceived Exertion scores were taken at three, six and nine minutes during each protocol. There were increased fatigue levels during the continuous compressions protocol at all three time intervals. A relationship between hand grip strength and the proper depth was determined for the 30:10 protocol as well as a relationship between hand grip strength and the continuous compressions fatigue levels.
A Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Outcomes Between Traditional and Endomorphic Manikins With and Without Equipment
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Tarabanovic, Danica Lynn
Emergency responders are expected to perform high-quality CPR on an array of body physiques, regardless of the presence of protective equipment. The purpose of this study was to examine rescuers’ administration of CPR on traditional and endomorphic manikins with and without football shoulder pads (FBSP). Fifty emergency responders completed two compression-only scenarios following 2015 AHA CPR Guidelines: 1) removal of FBSP before initiating chest compressions, and 2) performing chest compressions over FBSP. There was a statistically significant effect with a decrease in compression rate and depth with the presence of FBSP. For chest recoil, there was a statistically significant effect due to manikin type and presence of FBSP. Based on these findings, emergency responders are not equipped to perform high-quality CPR in all scenarios. Additionally, utilization of a diverse range of manikin physiques should be a consideration in the advancement of CPR education for emergency responders.
Comparison of Ulnohumeral Joint Space, Ulnar Collateral Ligament Width, and Abnormality in Collegiate Baseball Players Using Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
(North Dakota State University, 2015) Bummer, Matthew Stephen
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the difference in ulnar collateral ligaments (UCL) between pitchers and position players in collegiate baseball players. Differences were found using musculoskeletal ultrasound and each had both the dominant and non-dominant arms examined. The following research questions guided this study: Is there a difference in ulnohumeral joint space between pitchers and position players, is there a difference in UCL width between pitchers and position players, and is there a difference in the amount of damage to the UCL between pitchers and position players? Both pitchers and position players were found to have changes when compared to their non-dominant side. Position players were found to have significantly wider ligaments than pitchers, which may suggest a difference in forces placed on the elbow. This study introduces ideas that will lead to future research to confirm this data.
Does Gender Influence the Patient-Clinician Relationship?
(North Dakota State University, 2016) Saemrow, Matthew Ronald
Athletic trainers commonly work with athletes of the opposite gender yet it is not fully understood if gender may influence these interactions. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent that gender influences comfort, communication, and trust in the athlete and athletic trainer relationship. A 26-item survey containing Likert based questions and open-ended and a trust instrument were distributed in athletic training rooms to analyze comfort, communication, and trust. Comfort, communication, and trust were significantly lower when working with athletic trainers of the opposite gender. Athletes reported trust and communication as the most valued aspect of the relationship with their athletic trainer. Despite lower perceived scores, 150 out of 178 participants reported no preference for the gender of their athletic trainer. Athletic trainers should understand that athletes may experience a decrease in comfort, communication, and trust when working with athletic trainers of the opposite gender. Key Words: Comfort, Trust, Communication, Athletic Trainer
The Effect of 2 MHz Ultrasound on Intramuscular Temperature at 1.5, 2.5, and 3 cm Depths
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Berdan, Christiane Jean
The research objective was to determine the increase in intramuscular temperature of 2 MHz therapeutic ultrasound at 1.5, 2.5, and 3 cm depths after a 20 minute treatment at 1.0 W/cm2. A two-factor ANOVA experimental design guided this study. Three thermocouples were inserted into the medial gastrocnemius of twenty participants at all 3 depths. The ultrasound parameter settings consisted of: 2 MHz, continuous, 1.0 W/cm2. The mean intramuscular temperature increase at 20 minutes was the greatest at the 1.5 cm depth (5.22°C ± 1.25°C), then the 2.5 cm depth (3.59°C ± 1.61°C), then the 3 cm depth (2.75°C ± 1.48°C). Significant differences were found in the increase of intramuscular temperature of 2 MHz therapeutic ultrasound at all 3 depths, particularly at the 1.5 cm depth. Treatment goals and the type of machine need to be taken into account when delivering an ultrasound treatment in order for it to be effective.
The Effect of 5% Hypohydration on Muscle Cramp Threshold Frequency
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Braulick, Kyle William
Many clinicians believe exercise associated muscle cramps (EAMC) occur because of dehydration and electrolyte losses. Experimental research supporting this theory is lacking. Mild hypohydration (3% body mass loss) does not alter cramp threshold frequency (TF), a measure of cramp susceptibility, when fatigue and exercise intensity are controlled. No experimental research has examined TF following significant (3-5% body mass loss) or serious hypohydration (>5% body mass loss). TF and blood variables of ten subjects were measured pre-post exercise. Subjects exercised in an environmental heat chamber alternating between upper arm ergometry and non-dominant leg cycling every 15 minutes until they lost 5% of their body mass or were too exhausted to continue. Significant (n=5) or serious hypohydration (n=5) did not alter cramp TF, cramp intensity, or cramp EMG amplitude. Significant and serious hypohydration with moderate electrolyte losses does not alter cramp susceptibility when fatigue and exercise intensity are controlled.
The Effect of Pre-Exercise Ingestion of Pickle Juice, Hypertonic Saline, and Water on Aerobic Performance in College-Aged Males
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Peikert, Jarett Ryan Willam
Pickle juice (PJ) is commonly ingested by athletes pre-exercise to prevent muscle cramps. Some scientists fear PJ may negatively impact performance due to its high sodium concentration. The purpose of this study was to determine if ingesting 2 mL*kg-1 body weight of PJ, hypertonic saline or deionized water (DIW) and 5 mL*kg-1 of DIW affected aerobic performance, core temperature, plasma volume changes or sweat volume. On three separate days, subjects rested for 65 minutes. During this period, two blood samples were taken and they ingested PJ, hypertonic saline, or DIW followed by 5 mL*kg-1 body mass of DIW. Subjects exercised at progressing intensities until complete exhaustion. No differences were observed between drinks for time to exhaustion, core temperature, plasma volume or sweat volume (P>0.05). Ingesting PJ or hypertonic saline diluted by a moderate amount of DIW does not impact aerobic performance, core temperature, plasma volume changes or sweat volume.
The Effects of a Kinesio® Tape Application on Intramuscular Tissue Temperature Change during a 20-Minute Cryotherapy Application
(North Dakota State University, 2017) McCrone, Michael Samuel
The methodology for this research study was specifically designed to investigate whether or not Kinesio® Tape would act as a barrier during a cryotherapy application. Previous research has concluded that certain dressings can act as a barrier and impede the decrease in temperature in the underlying tissue. However, the properties of Kinesio® Tape are supposed to mimic the properties of skin. The thickness of Kinesio® Tape is miniscule compared to other barriers such as a plaster cast or an ace bandage. Due to this property, there were no statistically significant results found in intramuscular tissue temperature change comparing the use of the tape application and no application. This research has provided evidence-based support that the use of cryotherapy over a Kinesio® Tape application will have no adverse effects.
The Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Muscle Cramp Threshold Frequency
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Pagel, Max Marvin
Context: The effects of caffeine on muscle cramp threshold frequency were investigated. Objective: To determine the effect of caffeine on muscle cramp threshold frequency. Design: Randomized Trial. Experimental Design Setting: Institutional Research Laboratory. Participants: 11 males, 6 females. Intervention: Each subject ingested different caffeine doses over three testing days. Main Outcome Measures: Muscle cramp threshold frequency, hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma chloride concentration, and osmolality were recorded. Results: There was a significant difference between baseline and post ingestion threshold frequency as well as significant differences between 0 mg to 500 mg and 250 mg to 500 mg. Hemoglobin, plasma potassium concentration, and osmolality were significantly different from pre to post ingestion. Conclusions: There was a significant difference from pre to post muscle cramp threshold frequency. Hemoglobin, plasma potassium concentration, and osmolality were significantly different pre to post ingestion. The significance of these findings requires further study.
The Effects of Caffeine on Neurocognitive Function
(North Dakota State University, 2016) Heine, Erin
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of caffeine, as introduced by a popular energy drink, on neurocognitive function. Methods: Twenty-four male participants, 18-28 yrs old, completed two days of testing: baseline and post-consumption testing. Exactly 48-hours separated the two sessions. During the second day of testing, participants received treatment or control drink and waited 90 minutes before performing the ImPACT for post-consumption data. Results: Verbal Memory: (F[1, 22]=0.69, p=.416, η2=.03) Visual Memory:(F[1,22]=1.31, p=.264, n2=.056) Visual Motor Speed:(F[1,22]=.660, p=.425, n2=.029) Reaction Time: (F[1,22]=.015, p=.903, n2=.001) Impulse Control: (F[1,22]=.453, p=.508, n2=.020) Conclusions: Researchers determined caffeine from an energy drink, consumed 90 minutes prior to ImPACT baseline testing has no statistically significant effect on ImPACT composite scores compared to control group. Therefore, caffeine does not appear to be an obstacle for clinicians when assessing composite scores of ImPACT.
The Effects of Graston Technique Treatment Times on Sprint Performance in Collegiate Wrestlers
(North Dakota State University, 2016) Jaskolski, Kristin
The aim of this study was to provide insight on how treatment times of 5-minutes and 8-minutes of GT® affect a 30-yard sprint performance. Interventions: 15 healthy college-aged male wrestlers received two treatments (5-minute and 8-minute) of Graston Technique® separated by approximately 48 hours. After a 5-minute bike warm-up, participants received GT® treatment on both quadriceps muscles. Participants completed a 10-minute active rest followed by a 30-second standing quadriceps stretch, 30 straight leg raises and quadriceps stretch again. Participants then sprinted 3 30-yard sprint tests. Results: Significance was found between the baseline (4.63 ± 0.18 seconds) and 5-minute GT® treatment (4.53 ± 0.18 seconds) sprint times; t(14)=3.34, p = 0.005. No significance was found between the baseline and the 8-minute GT® treatment (4.57 ± 0.19 seconds) sprint times; t(14)=1.49, p = 0.159. Conclusions: Shorter GT® treatments provide a warm-up for the tissue allowing for better tissue function.
The Effects of Kinesio® Tape on Acromiohumeral Distance in Patients with Subacromial Impingement
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Sample, Nicholas Avery
Kinesio® Tape has the potential to optimize the treatment of subacromial impingement syndrome. This research project investigated the effect Kinesio® Tape has on patient-reported outcome measures and acromiohumeral distance in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. Twenty volunteers exhibiting subacromial impingement syndrome symptoms were divided into two groups, one receiving Kinesio® Tape inhibition technique of the supraspinatus and deltoid muscles and the other receiving a sham Kinesio® Tape. Patient-reported SPADI scores and acromiohumeral distance measured by diagnostic ultrasound were recorded at 24- and 48-hour intervals. SPADI scores of both groups were statistically significantly lower at the 48-hour interval. No statistically significant change in acromiohumeral distance was found at any interval. Therefore, Kinesio® Tape on the supraspinatus and deltoid muscles alleviated symptoms related to subacromial impingement syndrome as reported by patient-outcome data but did not alter the subacromial space according to diagnostic ultrasound scanning.
The Effects of the Graston Technique® on Cases of Chronic Tendinopathy Measured by Diagnostic Ultrasound
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Labodi, Kelsey Katherine
The Graston Technique® is a beneficial treatment on tendinopathies1 however, little research exists on the effects of the Graston Technique® on chronic cases of tendinopathy measured with diagnostic ultrasound. To determine the amount of changes in tendinosis, scar tissue and/or adhesions, or calcifications after the Graston Technique® treatments, fifteen athletes at NCAA division I, III, or NAIA institutions were recruited. Four days of the Graston Technique® as an overall protocol was used, including a warm-up, stretches, and strengthening exercises. Changes within the tendon were measured by diagnostic ultrasound. Lower Extremity Functional Scales (LEFS) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) were also used. The results showed a significant decrease of tendinosis in both axes. No significant changes were seen with tendon thickness or NPRS. There was a significant increase in the scores of the LEFS. In conclusion, the Graston Technique® protocol alone is beneficial in the treatment of tendinosis.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Kinesio® Tape as an Intervention for Recreational Runners who Pronate
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Koens, Nathan Alan
Kinesio® Tape could potentially be an intervention to improve excessive pronation of the foot. This research project investigated the effect Kinesio® Tape has on the navicular drop test and joint kinematics through 3D motion analysis in recreational runners. Twenty volunteers with an NDT greater than 10 mm ran two separate half-miles, one receiving a mechanical Kinesio® Tape technique and the other with a sham Kinesio® Tape technique. NDT measurements were taken immediately on arrival, immediately after Kinesio® Tape application, and immediately after the half-mile with Kinesio® Tape still applied. 3D motion analysis measured gait kinematics during the half-miles. NDT scores for the tension trials were statistically significantly lower when compared to the sham trials. 3D motion analysis captured six cases of statistical significance, however tape did not change the joint angles. Therefore, Kinesio® Tape improved the amount of pronation of the foot but only slightly improved gait kinematics.
Evaluation of Biomechanical Risk Factors in Division II Collegiate Female Athletes Using the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) After an 8-Week Neuromuscular Training Program
(North Dakota State University, 2013) Leif, Hillaree
Neuromuscular training programs are a relatively new injury prevention strategy to reduce the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, primarily in female athletes. This study evaluated the effects of a neuromuscular training program on Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) scores, maximum knee flexion, and maximum knee valgus before, during (2 wks, 4 wks, 6 wks), and after an 8-week neuromuscular training program. An 8-week neuromuscular training program significantly decreased the maximum knee valgus in female athletes but did not decrease LESS scores or increase maximum knee flexion. The findings may enhance athletic trainers' understanding of the benefits that neuromuscular training programs may provide and help clinicians make decisions on whether to implement these programs to help reduce the risk of ACL injuries in their female athletes.
Gender Differences in Lower Extremity Kinematics throughout Various Stages of a 5K Run
(North Dakota State University, 2017) Rye, Rebekah
Running has been a popular sport because of convenience and health benefits. Fatigue among recreational runners may alter running mechanics, thereby increasing the risk for injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in lower extremity biomechanics throughout a 3.1 mile (5K) run. Ten male and ten female participants wore reflective markers to capture contralateral pelvic drop, knee adduction, knee abduction, and hip adduction. Participants ran 3.1 miles (5K) on a treadmill at a self-determined pace. A two-way, repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to capture the within-subject data across time and between-subject comparing differences in gender. Females had significantly greater contralateral pelvic drop but it did not change over time. Knee abduction angles significantly declined over the five observations. Gender differences and effects of distance can alter the biomechanics in recreational runners. More research is needed to identify predisposing factors to the development of chronic running injuries.
The Graston Technique® Increases Hamstring Flexibility
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Nejo, Yusuke
Soft tissue mobilization techniques have been reported to increase hamstring flexibility. However, no one has reported the effects of the Graston Technique® on increasing hamstring flexibility. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in range of motion after applying the Graston Technique® to tight hamstring muscles. Forty five college-aged students participated; 3 well-trained athletes, 35 physically trained students, and 7 untrained students (total 30 men and 15 women). Pre- and post-treatment measurements on hamstring flexibility were taken at the 90/90° position using a goniometer. There was a statistically significant difference between the sham treatment group and the treatment groups (an only Graston Technique® group and a whole Graston Technique® treatment group). However, there was no significant difference between the only Graston Technique® group and the whole Graston Technique® treatment group. Also, range of motion increase was affected by the adipose tissue thickness.

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