Microbiological Sciences

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Research from the Department of Microbiological Sciences. The department website may be found at https://www.ndsu.edu/micro/

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Browsing Microbiological Sciences by browse.metadata.program "International Infectious Disease Management & Biosecurity"

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    Drivers of Infectious Disease Outbreaks: How Climate, Environment and Disease Control Programs Influence Occurence of Infectious Disease Outbreaks
    (North Dakota State University, 2012) Muleme, Michael
    This research study described the factors driving infectious disease outbreaks using Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Uganda and Lyme disease in North Dakota (ND), Minnesota (MN) and Wisconsin (WI) as case studies. Retrospective data on FMD vaccines and outbreaks in Uganda (2001 – 2010) and Lyme disease in ND, MN and WI (1990 – 2011) was used. The time (7.5 weeks) taken to respond to FMD outbreaks, limited serotyping/subtyping (9/121) of outbreaks and the low percentage of cattle vaccinated (2.1 – 21.2%) portray ineffective control programs. Similarly, increase in fall temperature (P = 0.0189) and annual precipitation (P = 0.0250) were associated with increased human Lyme cases. Shrub land coverage and human population also increased in WI, MN and ND while forest coverage increased in ND. These favor tick and deer proliferation leading to increased human exposure to Lyme Borreliosis. Therefore ineffective disease control programs, climate and environment factors influence infectious disease occurrence.
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    Emerging Infectious Diseases with Limited Treatment Options: The Case of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Uganda and Shiga Toxin Producing Escheria Coli in the United States
    (North Dakota State University, 2012) Gemmeda, Rahel Dubiwak
    Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that newly emerge in a population or change the frequency or spatial distribution of their occurrence. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF) and Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are among diseases that emerged in the 1970s. The two diseases have limited treatment options with no vaccines. This paper is based on two case studies. The first case study utilized data from the 2007/2008 EHF outbreak in Uganda and investigated the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the outbreak. The second case study was based on a study done on STEC isolates collected from beef cattle at the North Dakota State University Research Extension Center in Dickinson. The study investigated the prevalence of the common pathogenic STEC serotypes. The driving factors for the emergence of EHF and STEC, their prevention and control strategies and their challenges were discussed based on the case studies.
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    Emerging Infectious Diseases with Vaccination as a Major Control Approach: The Case of the African 2 (Af2) Clonal Complex of Mycobacterium Bovis in Uganda and Pneumococcal Vaccine for Streptococcus Pneumoniae in the United States
    (North Dakota State University, 2016) Miller, Timothy Robert
    Respiratory infectious diseases are among the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. This paper presents two respiratory diseases, Mycobacterium bovis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which cause significant global health issues despite the advancement of vaccines. In Uganda, M. bovis isolates (n=27) were PCR-tested for a specific chromosomal deletion (RDAf2) and spoligotyped for specific characterization of the Af2 clonal complex. Seventeen (63%) isolates contained the Af2 clonal complex. The high prevalence indicates Af2 clonal complex is of epidemiological interest and a likely cause of bovine tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda. Ten vervet serum (varying age groups) levels were measured (Luminex) for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response against the 23-valent, Pneumovax 23® (PN23), pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotypes when simultaneously administered with F1/V plague vaccine and Influenza vaccine. Subjects 9-11 years and 25-26 years have shown a slightly better immune response (11%) to PN23 serotypes compared to 19-23 year subjects.
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    The One World / One Health Concept Applied in the Field, Laboratory, and Hospital
    (North Dakota State University, 2014) Kiedrowski, Lee Michael
    New infectious disease outbreaks demand new approaches for control and prevention of disease. The world’s health organizations have adopted the One World/One Health (OWOH) concept to meet this demand. The previous approach was for the health specialist with expertise of the organism or system most effected to attempt to solve the outbreak problem. The aim of OWOH is to go beyond the isolated health specialist approach and open a dialogue to understand the nature of contemporary infectious disease outbreaks. The premise is that if diverse health professionals bring their unique perspectives together, the weak areas of previous approaches would be strengthened, thereby increasing the speed to a solution and reinforcing safeguards against future outbreaks.