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Item Factors Influencing the Passive, Innate, and Adaptive Immune System and Their Effects in Beef Cattle(North Dakota State University, 2015) Gaspers, James JosephTo investigate the factors influencing the passive, innate, and adaptive immune system and their effects in beef cattle, three experiments (exp.) were completed. Results from Exp. 1 indicate that there is some influence of birth weight and incidence of dystocia on the passive transfer of immunity from dam to offspring. Results from Exp. 2 indicated that supplemented dams had lower calving ease scores and tended to have greater colostrum production while their calves showed less evidence of mixed acidosis based on blood parameters of pCO2, lactate, and base excess. In Exp. 3, vaccine treatments initiated an inflammatory response with subcutaneous MLV vaccine for IBR and BRSV having greater serum antibodies than the intranasal vaccine. Feed intake and ADG were unaffected by the use of vaccines compared to a sterile saline injection. In well-managed, properly-immunized herds, vaccination can stimulate antibody production without negative effects on feedlot performance.Item The Effects of Maternal Diet on Passive Transfer of Immunity to the Neonatal Beef Calf, and Calf Immune Response to Vaccination and Immunostimulants(North Dakota State University, 2018) Gaspers, James JosephTo investigate the effects of maternal diet on passive transfer of immunity to the neonatal beef calf, and calf immune response to vaccination and immunostimulants, three experiments (Exp.) were completed. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that there was no effect of supplemental starch to cows on colostrum production, offspring birth weight, incidence of dystocia, respiratory acidosis, and the passive transfer of immunity. Results from Exp. 2 indicated that both the needle – free injection devices (NFs) and needle and syringe (NS) initiate a haptoglobin (Hp) inflammatory response (P < 0.001). After injection bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 antibody titers continually declined from d 0, 7, 28, and 115 across both NS and NF treatment groups (P < 0.001). After secondary booster vaccination on d 115, BVDV type 2 antibody titers significantly increased by d 143 (P < 0.001). The use of NFs will maintain a level of immunity that has been seen by the use of conventional NS vaccine administration methods. In Exp. 3, treatments containing a modified live vaccine (MLV) antigen initiated an Hp inflammatory response over time (P < 0.001). Interferon gamma was not significantly different across treatment over time (P = 0.39); however, there was a threefold increase in treatment three over time. Treatments containing a MLV BVDV antigen maintained BVDV type 2 antibodies over time (P <0.001). Feed intake and feeding behavior were unaffected by the use of the vaccine and/or immunostimulant.