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Item The Effects of Caffeine on Neurocognitive Function(North Dakota State University, 2016) Heine, ErinObjective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of caffeine, as introduced by a popular energy drink, on neurocognitive function. Methods: Twenty-four male participants, 18-28 yrs old, completed two days of testing: baseline and post-consumption testing. Exactly 48-hours separated the two sessions. During the second day of testing, participants received treatment or control drink and waited 90 minutes before performing the ImPACT for post-consumption data. Results: Verbal Memory: (F[1, 22]=0.69, p=.416, η2=.03) Visual Memory:(F[1,22]=1.31, p=.264, n2=.056) Visual Motor Speed:(F[1,22]=.660, p=.425, n2=.029) Reaction Time: (F[1,22]=.015, p=.903, n2=.001) Impulse Control: (F[1,22]=.453, p=.508, n2=.020) Conclusions: Researchers determined caffeine from an energy drink, consumed 90 minutes prior to ImPACT baseline testing has no statistically significant effect on ImPACT composite scores compared to control group. Therefore, caffeine does not appear to be an obstacle for clinicians when assessing composite scores of ImPACT.Item Mindful Eating: Is There a Relationship among Gender, Age, Physical Activity, Grade Level, Focus of Academic Major and Eating Mindfulness among College Students(North Dakota State University, 2012) Berdal, Lisa MarieMindful eating is the concept of being physically and emotionally aware of what and why you are eating. Currently the research is limited, especially in a large college aged population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if age, gender, physical activity, year in school and focus of academic major made a difference in mindful eating practices in college students. In this cross-sectional study, 427 students completed a 28-item validated Mindful Eating Questionnaire. The results show that only gender played a role in the total mindful eating score. Combined effects of the factors did affect total score as well as subscale scores. These findings suggest that a combination of factors affect mindful eating more than one factor alone. More research is needed in large college aged populations in order to better determine mindful eating practices of individuals in this age group.Item Investigation of Skin Temperature Increases with ReBound Diathermy(North Dakota State University, 2016) Lundberg, Eric ThomasReBound® Diathermy is a continuous shortwave diathermy device (CSWD) used as a portable heating modality. No studies have shown surface tissue temperatures of ReBound® treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the ReBound® Diathermy unit produced skin temperatures in an ankle garment sleeve. The study called for 20 healthy, collegeaged (18-30 years) males to participate in a single treatment session. Surface thermocouples were placed following the anterior aspect of the ankle. The session included a 30-minute treatment in which skin temperatures were recorded at each site every 5 minutes. The ReBound® Diathermy unit did not produce an increase in skin temperatures on the anterior aspect of the ankle. Skin temperatures were significantly different between baseline and all time intervals. Each site immediately decreased after 5 minutes of treatment for all sites. Remaining temperatures recorded stabilized and increased at each site, but did not return to baseline temperatures.Item Dietary Behaviors Among College Students(North Dakota State University, 2014) Kraska, Desirae CasseyResearch states that college students do not meet dietary recommendations, specifically in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Failure to meet dietary recommendations results in diets lacking essential nutrients. Additionally, these diets can increase the risk of developing obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. The objectives of this study were to compare college students’ dietary habits in 2013 to 2003 and to compare dietary habits between health and non-health majors in 2013. A Dietary Variety Questionnaire (DVQ) was distributed to collect information on food frequency, gender, Body Mass Index, and living arrangements. Results indicated significant differences in dairy, protein, and vegetables between years. Results also showed no dietary differences existed between health and non-health majors in 2013. In summary, college students have improved their dietary habits; however, students within health majors do not necessarily practice better dietary habits than students from other disciplines.Item Evaluation of a Nutrition and Physical Activity-Based Curriculum on Children’s Lifestyle Choices(North Dakota State University, 2017) Carlson, Alyssa JustineThis study assessed the effectiveness of the “On the Move to Better Health” program, specifically whether it promoted 4th to 6th grade North Dakota students, as well as their families, to make healthier lifestyle choices. “On the Move,” NDSU Extension Service’s five-lesson nutrition and physical activity-based public health intervention program, was taught in 211 elementary school classrooms throughout North Dakota. Both students and parents were given presurveys at the beginning of the program and postsurveys at the end. Students increased their fruit intake, vegetable intake, and amount of time spent being physically active over the course of the 5-week program. They also decreased their sugary beverage consumption and time spent being sedentary. This study also examined parental involvement in the “On the Move” program. Most parents found the “On the Move” family newsletters helpful and informative. Additionally, parents reported their children increased consumption of fruits and vegetables after the program.Item Does Relative Energy in Sport Undermine Bone Health?(North Dakota State University, 2020) Schimek, Regina LouiseRelative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) is a term expanded from the female athlete triad the is inclusive to males and females and the negative physiological symptoms impacting athlete health and performance from low energy availability. Bone health is one of the ten health consequences of RED-S. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate RED-S in female and male collegiate athletes and determine if there is an association with bone health. Thirteen participants completed an electronic survey containing the LEAF-Q and EAT-26, a three-day food diary and exercise log, and a DXA scan. Energy intake and exercise expenditure was analyzed using an ESHA food analysis processor. Participants at risk for RED-S had higher occurrences of injuries (p<0.022) and lower Z-scores (p<0.063) than those not at risk for RED-S. In conclusion, athletes at risk for RED-S may have higher occurrences of injuries and lower bone mineral density.Item Proposed Intensity and Proximity to Failure Recommendations for Improving Resistance Training Strength(North Dakota State University, 2023) Koenecke, Joseph DavidResistance training, widely used in sports and recreation since the 1970s, can be used to achieve goals like muscular hypertrophy, strength, or endurance. Core principles to see noticeable adaptations include progressive overload, achieved by increasing sets, repetitions, frequency, weight, or training near muscle failure. However, high-intensity training may lead to chronic fatigue, which may negate the benefits. Research explores strategies like microdosing and high proximity to failure training to counter this. While high proximity to failure training may offer similar results to low proximity to failure training, microdosing may help coaches reduce fatigue, thus aiding athlete progress. Coaches must tailor training to consider injury risk, sport specificity, athlete commitment, and regular feedback for effective individualization. Ultimately, the chosen strategy should align with the athlete's goals, ensuring steady improvement. A proficiently individualized training program ensures that athletes achieve their goals, at a faster and more efficient rate.Item Measuring Motivation and Performance on the Army Physical Fitness Test in North Dakota Army National Guard Soldiers(North Dakota State University, 2016) Carlson, Andrew RobertOBJECTIVE: To determine the relationships between a soldiers’ type of motivation to complete the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) and their performance on the APFT. In research most self-determined (MSD) forms of motivation have been associated with more positive performance outcomes than least self-determined (LSD) forms of motivation. METHODS: 208 soldiers completed a survey regarding motivation and performance on the APFT. A Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation was performed between motivation and APFT performance outcomes. Significance was set at alpha ≤0.05 RESULTS: As participants’ MSD scores increased, the following variables improved: current APFT score, current APFT passing status, and APFT failure history. Additionally, as MSD motivation increased the following variables decreased: number of APFT’s failed, and LSD motivation. Finally, as participants LSD motivation increased their current APFT score decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Participants who report higher levels of internal motivation towards the AFPT show more positive performance outcomes on the APFT.Item Concussion Awareness & Recognition: Youth Sport Parent's Perceptions(North Dakota State University, 2011) Lindback, Marissa JaeYouth sport concussion has recently become a topic of concern for health care professionals. Young athletes are at greater risk of sustaining a concussion because children have a greater head-to-body ratio and their cervical musculature and cranial bones are not fully developed. Access to on-site medical professionals is limited for young athletes, leaving recognition and management of the injury to the parents. Limited research has examined parental knowledge of concussion. The purpose of this study was to examine youth sport parents' knowledge regarding the recognition, assessment, and management of concussion. A cross-sectional descriptive design utilizing a SurveyMonkey™ questionnaire was emailed to all parents associated with two gymnastics organizations in the Fargo-Moorhead metro area. Included in the survey were outcome measures that included knowledge of concussion etiology, the ability to recognize concussive symptoms, and knowledge of concussion management. Eighty-nine parents of youth sports athletes participated in this study, a 25 percent response rate. A novel survey instrument was developed to assess parental concussion knowledge. Internal reliability of the instrument was established prior to the study with a pilot group (Cronbach's alpha= 0.67). Data analysis included information regarding frequency and percentages of overall results and demographic data. Overall, participants in this study had moderate knowledge of concussion recognition, diagnosis, and management. Participants with and without prior medical training differed significantly in their knowledge of concussion etiology (P= 0.0016). There was no significant difference between these groups in their ability to recognize concussive symptoms (P= 0.08) or in the knowledge level regarding concussion management (P= 0.68). There was no significant difference between parents with children who participate in more than one sport and those whose children participate in gymnastics only (P= 0.76). Those who have personally (themselves or their children) been diagnosed with a concussion and those who had never been diagnosed with a concussion were not significantly different in their overall concussion knowledge (P= 1.92). Parents have a moderate level of knowledge regarding some aspects of concussive injuries. Additional educational opportunities for parents may help increase concussion awareness.Item Intramuscular Heating Rates of a Chattanooga Intelect® Legend XT Therapeutic Ultrasound with a 3 MHz Frequency, and 1.0 W/cm2 Intensity at Three Depths Up to 2.5 cm(North Dakota State University, 2019) Smith, Meghan CarolContext: Textbook parameters for thermal ultrasound are based on research using the Omnisound unit. Unique heating rates have been observed among various manufacturers. No studies have been performed regarding heating rates of the Chattanooga Intelect® unit. Objective: Determine the rate of temperature increase of the medial gastrocnemius using the Chattanooga Intelect® Legend XT. Design: 3 x 4 repeated measures factorial design. Independent variables were depth and time. Setting: Research Laboratory. Participants: 25 volunteers (F=14, M=11; age 22.04 ± 2.67). Intervention: Thermocouples were inserted into the medial gastrocnemius at 1.0, 1.75 and 2.5 cm depths. 3 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2 treatment was performed for 15 minutes using the Chattanooga Intelect® Legend XT. Main Outcome Measures: Intramuscular temperature. Results: 1.0 cm heating rate was 0.68°C/min, 1.75 cm had 0.52°C/min rate, and 2.5 cm increased 0.20°C/min. Conclusions: Heating rates varied at each depth and differed from textbook rates. Key words: therapeutic ultrasound, heating rates.