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Item Petroleum Exploration History in North Dakota to 1951(North Dakota State University, 2013) Herz, Clarence AnthonyThe delayed discovery of oil in North Dakota resulted from remoteness, environment, and economic disadvantage, three of the six themes of Elwyn B. Robinson. Initially, lacking outside capital, the local explorers turned to their communities from 1917 to 1935 to raise the capital necessary to search for oil. As a result a complex group united to raise the capital necessary, but did not discover oil. The Great Depression ushered in the era of outside capital from 1937 to the successful discovery of oil on April 4, 1951. During this entire exploration period the state legislature, restricted by a lack of tax revenue, was unable to properly fund the North Dakota Geologic Survey. The survey achieved only marginal success throughout this exploration period. This history of early petroleum exploration not only enhances public knowledge but also lays the groundwork for further research toward a complete history of the industry.Item Canadian Confederation andAusgleich: A Comparative Case Study in Imperial Devolution as Imperial Rule and the Effects on National Formation, 1867-1918(North Dakota State University, 2010) Carter, Thomas LachlanScholarly thinking on empires is changing. These scholars see empires as flexible states which are fully capable of meeting the challenges of modernity. This newer line of scholarship challenges the standard narrative of the emergence of nations. Recent scholarship stresses that the history of successor states is not a complete break from the imperial past, but rather that the empires impacted the nature of both the successor states and the nations within. This thesis examines the Confederation of Canada and the Ausgleich, which resulted in the creation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, as successful imperial responses to challenges facing each empire. The subsequent development of national consciousness and national identity among the Canadian and the Hungarian elites emerged as a constituent part of the empire, rather than as a challenge to imperial legitimacy.Item The Effect of Title IX at the University of Nebraska at Omaha(North Dakota State University, 2012) Sebranek, Sarah JeanTitle IX sought to end discrimination on the basis of gender in the realm of education and extra-curricular activities provided by academic institutions. This research examines the impact of Title IX at the University of Nebraska at Omaha and determines the success of the legislation. Title IX is a significant topic as it offered an equitable experience for females in an otherwise male dominated arena of athletics. The end result provides a case study on the effect of Title IX at a Midwestern public university, which begins in the 1920s and concludes in the early 2000s. Most importantly, the research gives the history of Title IX, focusing on the administrators, at the University of Nebraska at Omaha.Item “Only as Strong as We All Make It:” The Limitations of Fargo’s Civil Defense during the Early Cold War (1950-1964)(North Dakota State University, 2022) Rudebusch, AaronIn this thesis, I argue that civil defense failed to take hold in the United States because it required local communities to take responsibility for protective measures. Fargo, North Dakota provides a case study for this analysis. The first section examines how Fargo adopted many practices from federal, state, and municipal civil defense organizations in the early 1950s, but struggled to implement them due to volunteer shortages. The second section explains how the hydrogen bomb forced officials to revise civil defense policies. It also details efforts by congressional and private bodies to increase federal responsibility for civil defense. The third section covers Fargo’s lack of response to the Berlin and Cuban Missile Crises, focusing on the unwillingness of Fargoans and their government to invest in civil defense. I conclude that today’s policymakers should recognize the limitations of making local communities responsible for policy implementation.Item A Survey of Certified Athletic Trainers: The Report of Skin Infections Incidence(North Dakota State University, 2009) Wilde, Ashley RuthThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the common types of skin infections occurring in United States athletes within the past year and the types of athletes that are most likely to contract them. Surveys were constructed online and with the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) help sent out to 1,000 athletic trainers. A total of 151 athletic trainers completed the survey reporting 213 athletes with skin infections. Data analysis consisted of using Chi Square to test the frequencies, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The results revealed a significant difference between the different types of skin infections, the level of competition and sports most affected, and among the most common method of contraction. However, there was no significance found between males or females having a higher probability to contract skin infections. MRSA was the most reported type of skin infection, having a high incidence rate in almost every level of competition, and mostly reported in football players. Ringworm was the second most reported skin infection, with a high number reported in high school athletes, and a high prevalence in wrestlers. Participants reported that the average length of time to report was < 1 - 2 days and that the most common method of contraction was person to person (76) next to "unknown" (77). In conclusion, while additional research needs to be completed to understand the trends in the different sports teams and methods of contraction, this research agreed with most of the current literature available. Additionally, as the number of these types of skin infections continue to increase, education for athletes, coaches, and health professionals is imperative to prevent skin infections from spreading.Item American Thought, Culture, and Neo-Noir in the Era of Postmodernity(North Dakota State University, 2017) Quist, ThomasThe rise of postmodernism, following the fall of modernism after WWII, brought about new modes of thinking, understanding, and living in America. Postmodernity is often neglected or glanced over by historians. Those who mention it do it either in passing or use it as a pejorative, yet it has had huge effects and ramifications on American culture during the second half of the 20th century. By exploring the thought, culture, and film of a postmodern America a deeper connection between history and postmodernism is formed. The transitions from noir to neo-noir films (which mirrors the transition from modernity to postmodernity) offers an avenue into understanding postmodern thought and culture. By using film as an intermediary it becomes apparent how neo-noir films were postmodern artifacts being watched and absorbed by a postmodern society. By linking the changing postmodern thought to culture and film a greater understanding of historical postmodernity becomes apparent.Item The Great Famine in Soviet Ukraine: Toward New Avenues of Inquiry into the Holodomor(North Dakota State University, 2014) Reisenauer, Troy PhilipFamine spread across the Union of Social Soviet Republics in 1932 and 1933, a deadly though unanticipated consequence of Joseph Stalin's attempt in 1928 to build socialism in one country through massive industrialization and forced collectivization of agriculture known as the first Five-Year Plan. This study uses published documents, collections, correspondence, memoirs, secondary sources and new insight to analyze the famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine and other Soviet republics. It presents the major scholarly works on the famine, research that often mirrors the diverse views and bitter public disagreement over the issue of intentionality and the ultimate culpability of Soviet leadership. The original contribution of this study is in the analysis of newly published primary documents of the 1920s and 1930s from the Russian Presidential Archives, especially vis-à-vis the role of Stalin and his chief lieutenants at the center of power and the various representatives at the republic-level periphery.Item Latin America Mission: An Exploration of Evangelical Growth in a Catholic Continent(North Dakota State University, 2010) Ptacek, Cassandra JoyThis thesis strives to explore Evangelical Protestant growth in Latin America during the twentieth century through the example of Latin America Mission, a nondenominational, evangelical mission organization founded in 1921. A discussion of the evolution of Christianity in Latin America from the conquest through the twentieth century lays the groundwork for the establishment of Latin America Mission. Subsequent chapters discuss the foundations and practices of the Mission, focusing on its innovative and holistic approach to missions as well as its commitment to social work. Finally, an exploration of the social, political, and religious climate of Latin America provides a further exploration of the continued growth of Latin America Mission into the twenty-first century.Item Roosevelt, Ranches, and Resources: Theodore Roosevelt National Park's Search for a Balance Between Human and Natural History(North Dakota State University, 2018) Wiese, LaurenNational parks share the same challenge debating the significance of their cultural and natural resources. In the past, many parks decided to emphasize the value of natural resources over that of their human histories. Theodore Roosevelt National Park was an exception to that trend because of its connection to President Theodore Roosevelt. In the early years of the park’s existence, National Park Service management emphasized the value of its cultural resources. The preservation and interpretation of Theodore Roosevelt’s Maltese Cross Cabin and Elkhorn Ranch were two of the park’s top priorities. Around the 1980s, park officials increasingly placed emphasis on the park’s natural resources in an attempt to balance the significance of its natural and cultural resources. Through this attempt, Theodore Roosevelt National Park has embraced the concept that human and natural history cannot and should not be separated.Item 'They Ain't Afraid of no Ghosts': Dark Tourism at Historic Sites(North Dakota State University, 2020) Johnson, Kaci LynnDark tourism, a subsection of heritage tourism, is growing in popularity and center around historic sites and museums. Those sites are put in the position to take advantage of the surging popularity of dark tourism by offering programming that complements it. Ghost tours, paranormal investigations, and haunted houses have all been utilized by museums and historic sites to boost revenue and attendance numbers. The implementation of dark programming raises difficult discussions on the role of museums in society and the ethics of profiting off of ghosts, spirits, and the paranormal. The decision to produce dark programming as a complement to dark tourism is best decided on a case to case basis, as no two museums or historic sites are the same. But every site that is considering dark programming needs to weigh their mission, ethics, their stakeholders, and the memory and space of their site before coming to a decision.