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Item Proposed Intensity and Proximity to Failure Recommendations for Improving Resistance Training Strength(North Dakota State University, 2023) Koenecke, Joseph DavidResistance training, widely used in sports and recreation since the 1970s, can be used to achieve goals like muscular hypertrophy, strength, or endurance. Core principles to see noticeable adaptations include progressive overload, achieved by increasing sets, repetitions, frequency, weight, or training near muscle failure. However, high-intensity training may lead to chronic fatigue, which may negate the benefits. Research explores strategies like microdosing and high proximity to failure training to counter this. While high proximity to failure training may offer similar results to low proximity to failure training, microdosing may help coaches reduce fatigue, thus aiding athlete progress. Coaches must tailor training to consider injury risk, sport specificity, athlete commitment, and regular feedback for effective individualization. Ultimately, the chosen strategy should align with the athlete's goals, ensuring steady improvement. A proficiently individualized training program ensures that athletes achieve their goals, at a faster and more efficient rate.Item Motivational Climate in Physical Education and Youth Sport(North Dakota State University, 2012) Prichard, Alison LeighThe purpose of this paper was to gain an understanding of how the motivational climate can affect children in the context of Physical Education (PE) and youth sport. In an effort to combat the increase in overweight and obesity rates, creating an environment in which children enjoy and develop positive habits related to physical activity has become a priority. The constructs of PE and youth sport have been identified as opportunities to reach children and instill healthy habits and attitudes regarding exercise that extend into adulthood. The motivational climate is a key structure for the proper facilitation and development of these cognitions.Item A Review of the Effects of Kinesio Tape Fascial Correction Technique of the Iliotibial Band Relating to Myofascial Pain Syndrome(North Dakota State University, 2023) Hills, Austin JamesThis paper reviewed the effects of Kinesio Taping® on pain pressure threshold (PPT) of trigger points (TrPs) within the iliotibial band (ITB). The condition known as myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a chronic pain disorder where pressure or sensitive points in muscle tissue causes localized or referred pain. This disorder typically manifests chronically due to an overuse or overtraining mechanism. MPS has been identified in individuals of all ages, body types, and activity level. However, the population with the highest reported prevalence is individuals participating in moderate or higher levels of physical activity. Kinesio Taping® fascial correction technique claims an effective intervention for MPS and associated TrPs. The outcome measure most frequently reported to have statistically significant positive correlation to Kinesio Taping® treatment is patient perceived pain. Kinesio Taping® studies vary greatly in subject population characteristics, study design, and methodology. Further research is required for proper clinical recommendations to be made.Item Kinematic, Neuromuscular, and Performance Changes due to Overspeed Training for Ice Hockey(North Dakota State University, 2013) Faught, Phillip MichaelAthletes, coaches, and strength and conditioning practitioners are constantly searching for new and improved speed training methods give themselves or their athletes an edge over their competition. Overspeed training is not a new technique of speed training; however changes and developments over the past decade have created many new methods to train at supramaximal speed. Choosing the appropriate method or methods of overspeed training is important for the training to have the desired performance improvements. High speed running and skating treadmills, tow-assisted running and skating, as well as downhill running are some of the most common methods of overspeed training. Overspeed training has been shown to improve running and skating kinematics resulting in increases in overall speed. Evaluating the benefits and negative effects of specific overspeed methods is important when selecting which methods to apply.Item A Deeper Understanding of Female Athlete Body Image(North Dakota State University, 2013) Christensen, Jeney AnneThe purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of how body image can impact the self-esteem and confidence of female athletes. As the media and public image of professional female athletes becomes increasingly more sexualized, the pressure continues to rise for youth and collegiate female athletes to not only to excel at the sports they participate in, but also be what society deems attractive. These demands lead to harmful behaviors such as disordered eating, over-exercising, and certain drug abuse which, in turn, can result in serious health issues or even death. Continuous study and exploration of female body image – especially in the case of athletes – can aid those involved in battling above mentioned behaviors resulting from poor body image.Item Fear of Reinjury: A Survey of NCAA Athletes Post ACL Reconstruction and Rehabilitation(North Dakota State University, 2011) Salvesen, Nicole MarieThe purpose of this study was to determine if a fear of reinjury and degree of current knee pain, as measured by the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) respectively, were associated with a collegiate athlete's decision to return to sport after suffering from an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, having reconstructive surgery, and performing rehabilitation. The secondary purpose of this study was to determine if the scores on the TSK varied among the athlete's pain at time of injury, age at time of injury, an athlete's return to a pre-injury level of activity, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) divisions, gender, graft type. mechanism of injury, and months since the time of injury. The tertiary purpose of this study was to determine if gender or the KOOS-Pain score affected an athlete's return to pre-injury level of activity. The results of this study may contribute to improvements in rehabilitation processes by orthopedic surgeons and sports medicine professionals in order to decrease the fear of reinjury in those athletes that are being treated for injuries to the ACL. Subjects for this study were selected from a group of 273 NCAA-sanctioned Division I, II or III institutions. All subjects previously participated or were currently participating in NCAA sanctioned athletics during their college career and had suffered an ACL tear. Additionally, all of the subjects experienced ACL reconstruction surgery, rehabilitation for the ACL injury and repair surgery, and were cleared by a physician. Emails were sent to supervising athletic trainers of each randomly selected NCAA institution asking for their assistance through the distribution of an informational letter to potential study participants. The informational letter provided student-athletes with a link allowing them to access the Survey Monkey™ questionnaire. which utilized questions taken from the TSK and KOOS survey instruments, as well as a general questionnaire for collection of limited demographic data for each participant. A total of 14 males and 35 females (n = 49) participated in the study. The information collected in the current study revealed that the participants· fear of reinjury was only significantly related to an athlete's degree of current knee pain and overall quality of life after suffering from an ACL tear, reconstructive surgery, and rehabilitation. The results of the study indicated a statistical significance (p < 0.05) between the participants' fear of reinjury and KOOS-Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and KOOS-Sports and Recreation (Sports/Rec). Third. the results indicated a statistical significance between the fear of reinjury and the participants· age at the time of the injury to the ACL. The results of this study indicated that NCAA athletes, regardless of division, do, in fact, possess a high fear of reinjury. Although the factor regarding fear of reinjury was not found to be directly related to a return to pre-injury levels of activity in this study. improvements in rehabilitation processes and implementation of different psychological strategies by orthopedic surgeons and sports medicine professionals may help to decrease or eliminate the fear of reinjury in those athletes that are being treated for injuries to the ACL.Item Stretching: Type and Timing for Optimal Benefits(North Dakota State University, 2010) Kijak, Jessica MichelleIt is known that stretching is able to increase the compliance of human tendons and as a result increase the capacity of the tendon to absorb energy. Sports involving "explosive" type skills, with many maximal stretch-shortening cycle (SSCs) movements, require a muscle tendon unit that is compliant enough to store and release a high amount of elastic energy. When an individual's muscle-tendon unit (MTU) is less flexible, there exists a predisposing factor for exercise related injuries since the tendon is unable to absorb enough energy, which may lead to tendon and/or muscle damage. Therefore, increasing the compliance of the muscle tendon unit and increasing the temperature within the muscle unit is vital in avoiding injury and complementing athletic performance. However, there remains a great deal of confusion among coaches and professionals as to which type of stretching will elicit the greatest benefits to the exerciser. Conflict remains as to which type of stretching is the best way to prepare the body for movement. However, by understanding the type of sport the individual is participating in and the physical demands required of the body (i.e. power output, flexibility, rehabilitation), coaches and professionals may be able to prescribe a more suitable warmup and cool-down that will compliment activity opposed to hindering it. Dynamic stretching appears to offer greater benefits to the athlete or individual exercising before competition. With movements and actions that mimic the sport or event, increasing muscle temperature may be the most desirable outcome before competition. Sports or activities that rely heavily on explosive power, speed and strength may choose dynamic activity over static to avoid detrimental tendon elasticity and muscle compliance. It seems that static stretching produces impairments in muscle force production. This impairment may be associated with the stress relaxation explained further below. Including static stretching post-activity may offer greater benefits to the athlete long term in regards to greater flexibility gains acquired over time. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching offers athletes/individuals with the greatest gains in range of motion, a benefit that reduces the chance of muscle related injury. However, this type of stretching requires greater amount of time to complete. Including PNF stretching in a rehabilitation program may offer athletes the ability to see the greatest gains in range of motion (ROM), allowing them to return to competition sooner. It is important to incorporate these types of stretching in various stages of preparation. Each type offers unique and some shared benefits to the user. However, it is important to understand the timing in which they will have the most success in benefiting the individual as opposed to hindering their performance.Item Effect of Evening Food Composition on Pre-Breakfast Fasting and Overall Glucose Control in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes : A Review(North Dakota State University, 2011) Vannelli, Anna JaneThis paper reviews current data on medical nutrition therapy (MNT) strategies related to evening food composition and the effect on pre-breakfast fasting and overall blood glucose control in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to locate pertinent articles, and a review of literature was completed. Eight studies related to type 1 diabetes and nine studies related to type 2 diabetes were identified and reviewed. The available evidence shows that people living with type 1 diabetes should consume a daily bedtime snack composed of carbohydrate and protein, but not high in fat. People with type 2 diabetes may not benefit from a bedtime snack, since eliminating the snack does not result in hypoglycemia and studies have not definitively shown that a snack reduces pre-breakfast fasting glucose compared to placebo. People with type 2 diabetes should also avoid a supper meal high in kilocalories.Item Static Stretching versus Dynamic Stretching in Athletics(North Dakota State University, 2010) Dale, Dewayne NathanielAthletes in a variety of sports will perform a stretching routine before each workout or competition. This is why coaches, strength and conditioning specialists, and athletic trainers are always in search of new ways to increase performance and reduce injuries. As there are different types of flexibility, there are a variety of types of stretching techniques, and all have their purpose in the athletic world. Static stretching has been the traditional way of physically preparing the body prior to exercise, and recent research is bending toward another stretching technique, dynamic stretching. Static stretching is an easy to learn technique that increases static flexibility, relaxes muscles, and realigns muscle fibers, but it may not be the best way to "warm" the body up before a workout or competition. Performing a dynamic stretching routine can provide athletes with opportunities to perform sports specific movements and to increase blood flow and temperature, which is a true way to "warm" up the body beforehand. These two different techniques can be utilized effectively within an athlete's workout regimen. However, the differences in the athletes, gender, and the type and level of the sport are important factors to consider in the evaluation of the two stretching techniques. By understanding these main areas, it will be easier to develop a well-designed warm-up prior to a competition.Item A Standardized Concussion Management Protocol for Concordia College(North Dakota State University, 2010) Bogenreif, Michael JamesSports-related concussion remains a diagnostic and management challenge for health care professionals. Numerous symptom scales and sideline assessment tools are available for team physicians and athletic trainers to objectively assess this difficult injury. Significant contributions of evidence-based research have led to a better understanding of this multifaceted but still often elusive injury. This information has transformed all aspects of concussion management, from on-field evaluation through return-to-play guidelines. A variety of approaches are currently available for the multi-dimensional management of sport-related concussion. Standardized protocols have been advocated by numerous consensus groups for the provision of uniform care and follow-up procedures for all concussive. The purpose of this paper was to review the literature of concussions, clarify why there is a need for a standardized concussion management protocol, and to develop a specific concussion protocol to be used by athletic trainers and athletic training students at Concordia College.