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Item Genetics and Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping of Septoria Tritici Blotch Resistance, Agronomic, and Quality Traits in Wheat(North Dakota State University, 2013) Harilal, Vibin EranezhathMost breeding programs aim at developing superior germplasm and better cultivars that combine high yield, disease and pest resistance, and end-use quality to satisfy the requirements of the growers as well as industry. A population, consisting of 138 F2-8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between ‘Steele-ND’ and ND 735, was evaluated to study the inheritance pattern of the septoria tritici blotch (STB)-resistant genes, agronomic and quality traits. The framework map made of 392 markers, including 28 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 364 DArT markers, spanned a total distance of 1789.3 cM and consisted of 17 linkage groups. The map position of quantitative trait loci (QTL) found in this study coincided with the map position of durable STB resistance genes, Stb1. Thirteen QTL were detected for agronomic and quality traits. More saturation of the current map is needed to explore more QTL for this population.Item Variation in Core and Accessory Parts of Genome of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Soil from Riparian Areas in New York State(North Dakota State University, 2016) Maistrenko, OleksandrEscherichia coli is commensal bacteria and is a symbiont of the digestive system of vertebrates. Due to frequent deposition of E. coli into extrahost habitats (soil, water), approximately half of its population exists as free living organisms. It is unclear what genome-wide variation stands behind adaptation for extrahost habitat. This thesis applies a genome-wide association study approach to find genetic variation in core and accessory parts of genome of E. coli that is associated with 1) forest or agricultural field soil habitats and 2) with survival phenotype in soil microcosm. Gene composition analysis suggests that pan-genome of environmental E. coli is unlimited. Core and accessory genome contained variation associated with survival phenotype and with forest or field habitat.Item Frontenac' Response to Leaf Removal and Training Systems and a Microvinification and Deacidification Bioassay of Interspecific Hybrids (Vitis SPP.)(North Dakota State University, 2016) Olson, Brittany KoryntaVineyard production and acid reduction microvinification experiments were conducted on interspecific hybrid grape cultivars in North Dakota. Training system and leaf removal effects on yield and quality for ‘Frontenac’ were assessed. Training system treatments included Geneva Double Curtain, High Cordon, Vertical Shoot Positioned, and 4-Arm Kniffin, and leaf removal treatments applied at bloom, post-bloom, veraison, and no removal. It was found that yield gains due to training system may be reached without negatively affecting fruit quality. The deacidification ability of biological and chemical treatments were assessed on the wines of ‘Frontenac’, ‘La Crescent’, and ‘King of the North’. Biological treatments included Saccharomycetes cerevisiae (Maurivin B and 71B) and Oenococcus oeni (ER1A and EY2d), and the chemical deacification treatment cold stabilization. Greatest reduction of titratable acidity resulted from the combined biological and chemical treatments. This project and future research contributes to the optimization of grape growing and winemaking within our region.Item Improving Efficacy of Metribuzin and Rimsulfuron in Potato Production(North Dakota State University, 2016) Winchester, Adam MillerRimsulfuron and metribuzin are postemergence herbicides used to control broadleaf weeds in potato and are applied with adjuvants to improve efficacy. Postemergence weed control often coincides with fungicide treatments. Therefore, studies were conducted to determine the effect of adjuvants or fungicides (chlorothalonil or mancozeb) plus metribuzin and rimsulfuron on weed control, potato safety and yield. Common sunflower and common lambsquarters visual control was ≥ 91% when metribuzin (420 and 210 g ha-1) plus rimsulfuron (26 and 14 g ha-1) combinations were applied with or without fungicides. Past the four leaf stage, metribuzin (340 g ha-1) and rimsulfuron (21 g ha-1) with adjuvants had no effect on hairy nightshade dry weight. Adjuvants and fungicides did not change yield. These studies indicate that including fungicides with metribuzin and rimsulfuron reduce weed populations without negatively impacting yield. Additional research is needed to determine the effect of adjuvants with these herbicides on other weeds.Item Selection of Hard Red Winter Wheat Lines with Diverse Resistance to Leaf Spot Diseases(North Dakota State University, 2016) Manley, Aurora AlexandraTan spot and Septoria nodorum blotch cause serious yield losses in winter wheat in North Dakota as the majority of commercially grown cultivars are susceptible. This study aimed to identify lines with improved resistance for use as breeding parents. First, advanced NDSU breeding lines and alternative sources of resistance were inoculated with fungal isolates and tested for necrotrophic effector sensitivity. Second, resistant lines were derived from a highly heterogeneous recurrent mass selection F2 population using single seed descent inbreeding coupled with selection for resistance. Finally, the best performers from both experiments (total of 52 lines) were evaluated to confirm resistance. In addition the 52 lines were analyzed with markers that detect Tsn1 and the 1RS rye translocation. Twenty lines were identified with simultaneous resistance to four or three fungal isolates and insensitivity to three, two, or one necrotrophic effectors (of which 11 can be used directly as new parents).Item Enhancing Protein Concentration in Hard Red Spring Wheat with Nitrogen Management Based on Plant Predictors(North Dakota State University, 2013) Schoch, Amanda SueIn recent years (2009-2011) many producers have had issues meeting the market requirements of 140 g kg-1 of protein concentration in hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell) especially with newer cultivars that are genetically prone to producing lower grain protein concentration. To address this issue, the first part of this study was to determine whether if plant based predictors could be used to predict grain protein content prior to anthesis. Experiments were conducted in 2011-2012 at Crookston, Minnesota (MN) and Prosper, North Dakota (ND). The second part of this study was to determine if protein concentration in HRSW can be enhanced with different sources and rates of N, while maintaining high yields and maximizing net returns. Experiments were conducted across three different locations in MN and ND in 2011-2012. Fertilizer treatments consisted of 3 sources of N, 4 growth stages, and 2 rates of N compared across three cultivars.Item Differential Response to Foliar Pathogens in Wheat as a Consequence of Cytoplasmic Substitution(North Dakota State University, 2013) Burciaga, Ryan LouisWheat alloplasmic lines are plants where the cytoplasmic genome of one wheat species was substituted by those of a wild relative, while maintaining the original nucleus. Our project studied differential responses of various alien cytoplasm in a specific nuclear background to various pathogens to identify NC interaction effects on biotic stress tolerance. This study analyzed fifty selected alloplasmic lines that were tested for disease response to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis isolates Br15 and Pti2. Results indicate that Ae. bicornis cytoplasm with nuclei donor of Chris and Selkirk provides increased resistance to tan spot isolate Br15. Puccinia triticina was used in determining differential responses between alloplasmic and euplasmic lines. A bulk set of four leaf rust isolates indicated Aegilops heldreichii cytoplasm with Chris nucleus provides resistance to the susceptible euplasmic line Chris and showed increased resistance to both tan spot isolates. These data indicates that cytoplasmic variability can improve resistance to plant diseases.Item Validation of Molecular Markers Associated with Grain Cadmium in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.)(North Dakota State University, 2016) Salsman, Evan LeeDurum wheat is capable of accumulating cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, in the grain at levels that have been deemed unsafe. Previous studies have identified genetic variation in durum wheat that can be exploited to create low Cd cultivars. In this study, six KASP markers were validated on 4,178 durum wheat samples from preliminary and advanced yield trials grown in 2013 and 2014 at Langdon, Minot, and Williston, North Dakota. One marker on chromosome 5B was polymorphic in all crosses between high and low Cd parents and had r² values ranging from 0.38-0.85. Two other markers on the same chromosome predicted similar levels of variation in many trials; however these were not polymorphic in all populations. Two markers linked to the grain Cd locus on chromosome 5B are suitable for marker assisted selection due to the more widely shared polymorphism of one and the closer linkage distance of the other.Item Evaluation of a Systematic, Multichemical Program Approach for Wheat Pest Management and Evaluation of a New Fungicde for Tan Spot in Spring Wheat (Triticum Aestivum. L.)(North Dakota State University, 2013) Chyle, Adam ChristopherExperiments were conducted to evaluate Proceed Plus (prothioconazole & tebuconazole & metalaxyl & clothianidin), bixafen, Prosaro (prothioconazole & tebuconazole), Baythroid XL (beta-cyfluthrin), with ‘Glenn’ and ‘Oklee’ hard red spring wheat cultivars in a systematic, multichemical program approach for management of tan spot disease and fusarium head blight, both fungal diseases of wheat. Grain yield was lowest with the control treatment (3900 kg ha-1) and highest with the treatments including seed treatment, herbicide, early fungicide, late fungicide, and late insecticide (4400 kg ha-1). Additional experiments were conducted to evaluate early tan spot control in ‘Alsen’, hard red spring wheat, with bixafen fungicide. Grain yield was highest with fenoxaprop-p-ethyl & pyrasulfotole & bromoxynil & mefenpyr safener plus pyraclostrobin (3710 kg ha-1) and lowest with propoxycarbazone-sodium & mesosulfuron-methyl plus 30g ai/ha-1 of bixafen (3400 kg ha-1). Although objectives were met in both studies, the research pointed the way toward necessary future research.Item Raised Beds, Tile Drainage, and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Corn Yield in Eastern North Dakota(North Dakota State University, 2014) Chaput, Matthew JamesSurface drainage, tillage, and different nitrogen fertilizer rates and management practices can influence corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of subsurface drainage, raised bed tillage, and nitrogen fertilizer treatments (rates and managements practices) on corn grain yield in the Red River Valley. The effect of subsurface drainage was evaluated at one location in 2012 and 2013. The effect of raised bed tillage and nitrogen fertilizer treatments were evaluated at three and four locations in 2012 and 2013. The drainage x tillage interaction was significant for yield in 2012. Averaged over all environments, conventional tillage had significantly greater corn stand and yield than raised beds. The significance difference in yield between the N fertilizer management practices and rates varied between years. There were no NH4+ and total N soil test differences between urea alone, nitrapyrin, and PCU treatments at V6 stage.