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Item The Effects of Traditional Gender Norms on the Fate of Girls' Education in Tajikistan(North Dakota State University, 2020) Yakubova, ParvinaTajikistan is the only post-Soviet republic that went through a civil war after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which negatively impacted all aspects of the country as well as education, particularly girls’ education. The limitations on Tajik girls’ education are due to economics and gender norms that are critical factors. This paper highlights the girls’ education condition in the period from 1995 to 2019, which is the post-war period, in the capital city, Dushanbe, and rural areas of the country. The review answered why girls most likely choose family life (marriage and children) rather than pursuing higher education in their life. In order to study this issue, the study used primary data. This paper studied the traditional culture (gender norms) factor as a barrier to keep girls out of school while providing the context of the social and occurred political changes during the post-war to the present time.Item Growing Green Finland: A Short-Term Study Abroad Program With a Sociological Focus(North Dakota State University, 2022) Cary-Waselk, Natasha AnnThis paper is an example of theory-based practice in the field of international education through program and course design. Environmental sociology will be the focus of the class readings, discussions, and course work as well as on-ground programming. This topic ties specifically to the on-ground programming in Finland. Students will take the knowledge learned in the course surrounding sustainability, wellbeing practices, and sociology and learn more about these topics through immersion and community interaction. Through specific course design, students will not only learn about environmental sociology, but will have continuous learning experiences through course work, excursions, reflection, peer-to-peer learning, and first-hand experience. This paper also outlines two of the most prominent theories often used when developing short-term study abroad programs: transformative learning and experiential learning theories. These are educational theories that lay a theoretical foundation for how learning occurs in short-term abroad programming.Item Diabetes Education Among American Indians on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation: Improving Educational Interventions in the School Setting(North Dakota State University, 2020) Swanson, Lisa MarieMinority populations such as American Indians (AIs) in the United States experience large-scale healthcare related disparities when compared with non-minority citizens. Diabetes can affect all races and ethnicities across the globe, regardless of age, sex, or location on the map, and affects AIs at disproportionately high rates. While type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is not preventable, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can be prevented and avoided in some instances. The implementation of an evidence-based diabetes program in a school-based setting has the potential to positively improve the health of school-aged children. Based on the need for high-quality diabetes prevention education, an evidence-based educational curriculum was piloted in order to ascertain the feasibility of using such a program to increase diabetes and obesity prevention knowledge in the school setting. The implementation of the Diabetes Education in Tribal Schools (DETS) curriculum in community and school-based settings has been reported in literature. The program is intended to lower the prevalence of T2DM by incorporating lifestyle management options that specifically targets American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) minority communities. Three lessons from the DETS curriculum were presented to the Boys and Girls Club of Three Affiliated Tribes (TAT) in Mandaree, North Dakota. Throughout the curriculum, students were educated regarding T2DM and obesity prevention by engaging in interactive learning activities. The results of the project revealed that community-based interventions for preventing T2DM and obesity can be a helpful way to reach children in the community setting. Overall, this curriculum was effective and successfully taught to voluntary participants. The measures used included qualitative interviewing and learning activities with answers/responses from the participants. Active community involvement by healthcare providers can promote primary prevention through educational activities.Item Sleep Hygiene Analysis & Education Module for Nursing Students(North Dakota State University, 2021) Sorenson, Kayla JeanThere is a research gap regarding college nursing student sleep habits and education compared to general college and medical students; nursing students are at high risk for poor sleep hygiene and impaired sleep quality due to coursework rigor, clinical hours, and balance between work (for majority) and college social life. There is a lack of sleep education and support in nursing students to allow for behavior change to occur amidst academic, employment, and social expectations. Nurse Practitioners (NPs) can play a vital role in health promotion to impact the nursing student population regarding sleep health. The practice improvement project (PIP) purpose was to evaluate, educate, and increase perceived sleep knowledge and habits of undergraduate nursing students at a Midwestern university. The PIP used descriptive statistics and open-ended questions for evaluation of sleep behaviors with nightly sleep logs pre- and post-education, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Sleep Hygiene Practices Scale (SHPS) tools, and evaluation of an online sleep education module (SEM) to evaluate nursing student outcomes. Inclusion criteria included being a nursing student with admittance to the pre-licensure bachelor of science program. Of the 566 possible participants, 48 students completed the pre-survey and 21 students completed all evaluative measures. Collectively, results supported that nursing students had decreased sleep quality reflecting a mean pre-survey score of PSQI of 7.1 (a score greater than 5 indicates sleep difficulty) with a post-survey score improvement of 5.6. Pre-survey SHPS scores supported poorer sleep hygiene practices and sleep quality at 76.8, with improvement to scores of 75.2 post-survey. Due to the small sample size, sample bias, and a 56% attrition rate, no significant conclusions were able to be correlated. Eighty-six percent of participants indicated an increase in perceived knowledge after the SEM. Learning more about the patterns and barriers of sleep was important to make recommendations to support nursing student sleep health. The results of this study reflect other findings from college student populations, but more research should focus on nursing students to determine if needs are closer to medical students and how academic institutions and NPs could provide better support to promote sleep wellness.Item Professionalism: A New Approach to an Old Problem(North Dakota State University, 2021) Undem, Teri AnnThis study examined student understanding and the ability to apply the six tenets of professionalism for pharmacy students before and after an educational intervention. The study population was third and fourth year pharmacy students at the North Dakota State University. Paired t-tests and z-tests were used to analyze the data. The results show that students were able to significantly improve their understanding of all of the six tents. Students were able to slightly improve their ability to apply all of the six tenets, with the exception of accountability, which showed a slight decrease. Differences between the third and fourth year classes was not significant. Gender differences were also not significant.Item Altering Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Education for Allied Health Care Providers Based on Self-Reported Experiences with Recertification(North Dakota State University, 2021) Landin, Kassiann DeenHealth care providers (nurses, athletic trainers, and emergency medical services [EMS] personnel) are expected to perform high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) regardless of their confidence. Also, regardless the design of CPR recertification courses, it is expected that health care providers perform high-quality CPR. The first goal of the study pertained to self-efficacy. This research investigated health care professionals reports of self-efficacy of CPR performance with the current CPR guidelines for a specific amount of time as well as over athletic equipment. Secondly, this research explored differences in recertification expectations and educational approaches between professions. Ninety-nine health care professionals (36 nurses, 36 athletic trainers, and 27 EMS personnel) completed a self-efficacy questionnaire and a CPR recertification questionnaire. For investigation one, raw data and, a 3X2 ANOVA model was estimated to test for differences between the professional groups and for the condition of athletic equipment in place. For investigation two, descriptive statistics, means, standard deviations, and frequencies were utilized to analyze the differences between professions in CPR recertification components. Health care providers claimed to have high levels of self-efficacy for CPR performance over an extended period of time, but a low level of self-efficacy when asked about performing CPR for an extended period of time over athletic equipment (40.09% of health care providers agreed/strongly agreed they could perform CPR for an extended period of time over athletic equipment). Nurses reported a lower total score for self-efficacy for CPR performance over protective athletic equipment when compared to athletic trainers and EMS personnel. Six percent of surveyed health care providers reported they trained on high-fidelity equipment in their most recent certification. Ninety-seven percent indicated that feedback directly from a manikin enhanced their ability to perform high-quality CPR. Only 41% of reported participation in booster sessions with 38% of nurses reporting participation every 3 months and 45% of athletic trainers never participated in booster session. The relationship between confidence and CPR quality must be explored further to ensure CPR education is revised. Also, because results provide baseline data clarifying differences between specific health care professions, deliberate practice specific to professionals for CPR education can occur.Item Perspectives on Adoption of Research and Education Network Technologies: A Q Methodological Study(North Dakota State University, 2020) Owen, KimThe critical need for access to network technology resources supporting advanced tools of academics and research is evident across disciplines and locations around the world. As research conducted by and in partnership with higher education institutions continues to increase in demand, it is incumbent on institutions to ensure the resources for this work are available as standard features for their faculty and students. The purpose of this study was to identify opinions of end users on the challenges to adoption of research and education (R&E) network resources at their local higher education institutions. The intent is to inform the R&E community about these challenges and to consider them when planning for the life cycle of network design and deployment. Study participants represented Information Technology (IT) leadership at 23 higher education institutions located within a regional R&E network consortium. Q methodology was applied to an established technology adoption model, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh, Morris, G. Davis, F. Davis, 2003) and informed by Rogers’ (2003) theory on the diffusion of innovations. The UTAUT model was modified to address attitudes toward technology resources enabled through access to R&E networks. Statistical analysis of the Q-sort data and examination of additional qualitative data were completed on data collected in this study. The combined methods served to identify factors based on the most prominent characteristics of each group and interpreted in alignment to the study framework. Results demonstrated the diversity of institutions and locations represented. Salient viewpoints expressed by respondents implied themes related to the value of a collegial environment within which to develop and deploy new projects, the critical need for institutional capacity and support, and the challenges of accessing and use of network resources. Theory can benefit from these results as a resource for exploring further modification of the initial UTAUT model to include technologies and audiences not previously included. Practitioners will benefit through reference to the findings when planning for the human and technological infrastructure capacity needed to support research and academic at their institutions.Item Enhancing Health Professionals' Cultural Competence of Gender and Sexual Minority Health(North Dakota State University, 2021) Thiel, Megan BethThe lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community continues to experience worse health outcomes than their heterosexual counterparts. Inequities in health care include low health insurance rates, high rates of stress due to systemic discrimination and stigma, and a lack of cultural competency in the health care system. Gender and sexual minority (GSM) people are at higher risk of mental health disorders, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), substance use and abuse, cancer, suicide, and other disorders/diseases. A lack of cultural competency in health care systems perpetuates these health disparities and inequities in care that burden the LGBT community. This project’s purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of an online educational intervention on enhancing health professionals’ cultural competence of GSM health. This study used a one-group pre-, post-, and follow-up survey intervention, quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention on improving health professionals’ knowledge, clinical preparedness, and attitudinal awareness of GSM health. The study’s setting was at a primary care center with clinics spread across three rural counties in North Dakota with a combined population of less than 14,000. This study used convenience sampling, and the recruitment of participants included a project presentation at the health care organization where the project would take place and an email invitation. Thirty-six participants completed the pre-survey, 11 of those 36 participants completed the educational intervention and post-survey, and six of those 11 participants completed the follow-up survey four weeks after completing the educational intervention. The instrument used for the presurvey, post-survey, and follow-up survey was the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Development of Clinical Skills Scale (LGBT-DOCSS). A paired sample t-test was used to compare pre, post, and four-week follow-up LGBT-DOCSS mean scores. The results indicated a statistically significant improvement in LGBT-DOCSS mean score on the post-survey (p = 0.0011) and four-week follow-up (p = 0.01) compared to the pre-survey. Additionally, the majority of participants reported that this educational intervention was valuable to their practice. This project revealed that an online educational intervention effectively enhanced health professionals’ cultural competence of GSM health.Item Perspectives on Adoption of Research and Education Network Technologies: A Q Methodological Study(North Dakota State University, 2020) Owen, Kim M.The critical need for access to network technology resources supporting advanced tools of academics and research is evident across disciplines and locations around the world. As research conducted by and in partnership with higher education institutions continues to increase in demand, it is incumbent on institutions to ensure the resources for this work are available as standard features for their faculty and students. The purpose of this study was to identify opinions of end users on the challenges to adoption of research and education (R&E) network resources at their local higher education institutions. The intent is to inform the R&E community about these challenges and to consider them when planning for the life cycle of network design and deployment. Study participants represented Information Technology (IT) leadership at 23 higher education institutions located within a regional R&E network consortium. Q methodology was applied to an established technology adoption model, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh, Morris, G. Davis, F. Davis, 2003) and informed by Rogers’ (2003) theory on the diffusion of innovations. The UTAUT model was modified to address attitudes toward technology resources enabled through access to R&E networks. Statistical analysis of the Q-sort data and examination of additional qualitative data were completed on data collected in this study. The combined methods served to identify factors based on the most prominent characteristics of each group and interpreted in alignment to the study framework. Results demonstrated the diversity of institutions and locations represented. Salient viewpoints expressed by respondents implied themes related to the value of a collegial environment within which to develop and deploy new projects, the critical need for institutional capacity and support, and the challenges of accessing and use of network resources. Theory can benefit from these results as a resource for exploring further modification of the initial UTAUT model to include technologies and audiences not previously included. Practitioners will benefit through reference to the findings when planning for the human and technological infrastructure capacity needed to support research and academic at their institutions.