Health, Nutrition & Exercise Science

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Research from the Department of Health, Nutrition & Exercise Science. The department website may be found at https://www.ndsu.edu/hnes/

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Acute Exercise Response of Caffeine and Nitric Oxide Stimulating Pre-Workout Supplement among Healthy Male Recreational Athletes
(North Dakota State University, 2017) Blake, Michael Scott
The effect of cocktail or “pre-workout” supplements containing L-arginine nitrate and caffeine are equivocal with anaerobic performance. The purpose of this study was to compare anaerobic performance and blood flow of pre-workout supplement containing L-arginine-nitrate and caffeine-to-caffeine and placebo. In a randomized, double-blind study, 12 resistance-trained males (caffeine users) completed three trials. Biodex concentric-concentric elbow-flexion and extension (5-sets, 10-repetitions). Ultrasound measured brachial blood flow (M-Vel, V- r2 and V-C). Statistical analyses revealed a significant difference in total dynamic work PRE-PLA (P<0.0001) and CAF-to-PLA (P<0.0001) but not PRE-to-CAF (P=0.9581). Furthermore, a significant difference V- r2 PRE-to-CAF (P=0.0391) and PLA-to-CAF (P=0.0070) and M-Vel PRE-to-CAF (P=0.0281). Conclusion, PRE did not differ CAF in strength measures other than a difference in M-Vel. PRE compared to PLA were not statically different in blood flow. The study illustrated no improvement beyond individual ingredient. This research may be useful for future cocktail supplement and Nitric Oxide research.
Altering Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Education for Allied Health Care Providers Based on Self-Reported Experiences with Recertification
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Landin, Kassiann Deen
Health care providers (nurses, athletic trainers, and emergency medical services [EMS] personnel) are expected to perform high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) regardless of their confidence. Also, regardless the design of CPR recertification courses, it is expected that health care providers perform high-quality CPR. The first goal of the study pertained to self-efficacy. This research investigated health care professionals reports of self-efficacy of CPR performance with the current CPR guidelines for a specific amount of time as well as over athletic equipment. Secondly, this research explored differences in recertification expectations and educational approaches between professions. Ninety-nine health care professionals (36 nurses, 36 athletic trainers, and 27 EMS personnel) completed a self-efficacy questionnaire and a CPR recertification questionnaire. For investigation one, raw data and, a 3X2 ANOVA model was estimated to test for differences between the professional groups and for the condition of athletic equipment in place. For investigation two, descriptive statistics, means, standard deviations, and frequencies were utilized to analyze the differences between professions in CPR recertification components. Health care providers claimed to have high levels of self-efficacy for CPR performance over an extended period of time, but a low level of self-efficacy when asked about performing CPR for an extended period of time over athletic equipment (40.09% of health care providers agreed/strongly agreed they could perform CPR for an extended period of time over athletic equipment). Nurses reported a lower total score for self-efficacy for CPR performance over protective athletic equipment when compared to athletic trainers and EMS personnel. Six percent of surveyed health care providers reported they trained on high-fidelity equipment in their most recent certification. Ninety-seven percent indicated that feedback directly from a manikin enhanced their ability to perform high-quality CPR. Only 41% of reported participation in booster sessions with 38% of nurses reporting participation every 3 months and 45% of athletic trainers never participated in booster session. The relationship between confidence and CPR quality must be explored further to ensure CPR education is revised. Also, because results provide baseline data clarifying differences between specific health care professions, deliberate practice specific to professionals for CPR education can occur.
An Analysis of CPR Performance, Self-Efficacy, and Deliberate Feedback
(North Dakota State University, 2022) Martinez, Caroline
During sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), prompt initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by a healthcare provider or layperson is critical to a patient’s odds of survival.4 The absence of health care providers in athletic settings often leaves coaches as the primary responder in competitive or recreational athletics. The goal of this study was to determine if coaches could provide high-quality CPR. Twenty coaches completed confidence and deliberate feedback questionnaires before and after two sessions of 5 minute compression-only CPR. Data were analyzed to compare confidence pre and post CPR assessment, as well as to determine the relationship between CPR performance, self-efficacy, and deliberate feedback. After receiving feedback on the initial five minutes of compression-only CPR as well as completion of a one-minute bout of CPR with deliberate feedback, a strong, positive relationship between self-efficacy and quality of CPR performance was observed.
An Analysis of Kinesio® Tape on Mitigation of Dynamic Knee Valgum
(North Dakota State University, 2022) Smedley, Katelynn
Kinesio® Tape has potential to be an intervention to mitigate dynamic knee valgum. This research project investigated the effect of Kinesio® Tape has on dynamic knee valgum through three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis in females with a history or current participation in competitive basketball or volleyball. Thirty volunteers preformed a Y-Balance test and drop jump landing (DJL) test with three different taping conditions. No tape, Kinesio® Performance Plus Tape for the facilitative gluteus medius application, and Kinesio® Tex Classic Tape for the spiral technique (ST). Results observed a statistically significant decrease in knee abduction valgum angle during 100 ms after initial contact on a DJL with application of the Kinesio® spiral technique. No significant results were observed between all three conditions during Y-Balance testing. Based off these findings we can conclude that applying the Kinesio® spiral technique mitigates dynamic knee valgum, therefore possibly decreasing the risk for ACL injury in females.
An Analysis of Kinesio® Tape on Myofascial Pain Syndrome of the Iliotibial Band
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Riegel, Hannah Nicole
This study analyzed the effects of Kinesio® Tape on pain pressure threshold (PPT) of trigger points (TrPs) within the iliotibial band (ITB). Fifty participants were evaluated for TrPs in the ITB. An algometer was used to measure pre-intervention PPT followed by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score for pain. A sham or fascial taping technique was applied. After 10 minutes, a post-intervention PPT was obtained. After 48 hours, participants returned where post-intervention PPT and VAS was obtained with the tape on and PPT again 10 minutes following tape removal. Participants reported a decrease in pain. There was a slight increase in PPT from pre-tape to 10-minutes post tape. An ANOVA model incorporating all four measurements was statistically significant. There is sufficient evidence to suggest the fascial taping technique is effective at manipulating PPT of TrPs. Overall, more pressure was needed to elicit pain and the TrPs became less symptomatic.
An Analysis of Muscle Activity During Load Carriage, ACFT Scores, and Back Pain in Army ROTC Cadets
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Longo, Jennifer Ann
Context: Low back pain (LBP) is a leading musculoskeletal complaint among the military population. Load carriage tasks are a frequently reported mechanism of injury for low back pain (LBP) in the Army. Furthermore, researchers have demonstrated a clear association between physical fitness and injury incidence. Objectives: 1) to analyze changes in muscle activity during load carriage and how LBP relates to changes in muscle activation; and 2) to analyze a possible relationship between performance on the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) and LBP, muscle activity, and kinesiophobia in Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadets. Methods: 30 Army ROTC cadets (age 21±1.82) completed a 5-kilometer walk with and without a 35-pound load. Electromyography (EMG) data were obtained of the rectus femoris (RF), rectus abdominis (RA), gluteus medius (GM), gluteus maximus (GMx), erector spinae (ES), and biceps femoris (BF), and a questionnaire was used to assess LBP. Twenty-one cadets from the initial sample completed the six-event ACFT, the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), and visual analog scales (VAS). ANOVA models were estimated for each muscle with time and load as independent factors. Correlations were used to assess relationships between pain and muscle activity. Regression was used to model the ability of muscle activity, MMBQ, TSK, and VAS scores to predict performance on each component of the ACFT. Results: Muscle activation for all muscles declined significantly over time (p<.001). Amplitude of RF (p=.014), GM (p<.001), and GMx (p=.007) significantly increased in the LC condition. Cadets who reported pain had greater average muscle activation; however, only the RF showed a significant association (p=.01). Significant regression equations were found for the Sprint-Drag-Carry (p=.009) and two-mile run (p=.004). Conclusion: Due to the associations between LBP and increased muscle activation with added loads, cadets displaying muscle activity at greater percentages of their MVC should consider adopting a core strengthening program prior to embarking on foot marches with load carriage. Additionally, cadets with poor performance on the SDC and 2MR should require a fitness program focused on improving these measures, as they are significantly associated with LBP.
Appraising Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk: Single-Legged Jump-Landing Dynamic Postural Stability
(North Dakota State University, 2022) Bond, Colin
Appraising anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk is of great interest to the orthopedic and sports medicine professional. Due to the high prevalence of non-contact ACL injuries, professionals have sought to identify intrinsic and modifiable neuromuscular and biomechanical risk factors to aid in the design of injury risk screens that have the discriminatory capacity to stratify ACL injury risk and the efficiency to be implemented at-scale. Prospective studies have revealed that poor dynamic postural stability (DPS), quantified as time to stabilization (TTS), following a backwards single-legged jump-landing (BSLJL) and poor hip external rotation and abduction strength relative to body weight, quantified using a handheld dynamometer, are two risk factors for ACL injury. The purposes of this study were to assess the effects of repeated BSLJL on within-session motor learning as quantified by DPS, evaluate the reliability of DPS, and determine the relation between DPS, hip strength, and fatigue. Twenty-seven recreationally active college-aged adults (24.0 ± 2.8 y, 1.73 ± 0.08 m, 75. ± 14.0 kg) were enrolled in this semi-randomized, cross-over study. During visit one, subjects completed 10 BSLJL trials per leg without familiarization and had their hip external rotation and abduction strength measured. During visits two through four, subjects complete two fatigue sessions and one control session in a randomized order. During these sessions, subjects completed two sets of three BSLJL trials per leg separate by either a seated rest in a chair (control) or a short-term functional fatigue protocol (fatigue). DPS was quantified as TTS and the dynamic postural stability index (DPSI). To appropriately familiarize a subject to the BSLJL, results suggest that a minimum of six familiarization trials per leg are required to sufficiently reduce the motor learning effect. Results also indicate that TTS reliability is poor after 10 trials per leg whereas DPSI reliability is good after just two trials per leg and excellent after just six trials per leg. Finally, results indicate that following completion of a fatigue protocol, there are decrements in TTS, but not in DPSI. Further, greater hip abduction strength is associated with better DPSI when rested and fatigued, but not TTS.
Asking Why, Instead of What: Investigating a Picky Eating Spectrum
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Jellison, Savanna Elizabeth Jean Westrom
There is currently no universal definition for picky eating. Picky eating is also currently viewed as a binary decision. The purpose of the current study was to develop a spectrum of picky eating. The researchers used a why instead of what approach to identifying 23 picky eating categories and themes among individuals. Exploratory Factor Analysis was utilized on pilot data (N = 412) and items loaded on three factors. The first factor consisted of 7 items (α = .76) and accounted for 24.56% of the variance in the data. Factor two consisted of 10 items (α = .79) accounting for 9.87% of variance and factor three consisted of 5 items (α = .66) and accounted for 6.85% of the variance. Our results indicate that the picky eating spectrum identifies various behaviors of picky eating that could lead to targeted interventions and potentially reduce parental frustration and picky eating.
The Association Among Social Support, Binge Eating, and Binge Drinking in NDSU College Students
(North Dakota State University, 2009) Zaruba, Julie Irene
The purpose of this thesis was to determine the association between bingeing behaviors and social support in college students. Participants were 216 male (57%) and female students, between 18-25 years, who were enrolled in a university required Wellness course. Participants volunteered to complete an online survey. The survey contained questions related to binge eating (BE), binge drinking (BD), social support, and basic demographic data. Groups were constructed based on the participants' gender or age and reported bingeing behaviors (binge eating (BE), binge drinking (BD), binge eating and binge drinking (BE/BD), and no bingeing behavior (NB)). Further, the social support data were broken down into low, moderate, and high categories for S- and N- Scores. S-scores represent the level of perceived social support an individual reports and an N-Score represents the number of individuals in a social network. Paper 1 (Social Support and Bingeing Behaviors in College Students) examined descriptive data on bingeing behaviors and social support to assess if any associations occur between these variables. Paper 1 also assessed the prevalence of bingeing behaviors among college students and identified gender/age differences among individuals who reported bingeing behaviors. Findings from the study indicate no significant associations between bingeing behaviors and social support (S-Score: p=.778 (BE); .362 (BD); .748 (BE/BD); .144 (NB)) (N-Score: p=.853 (BE); .362 (BD); .602 (BE/BD). Findings from the study also indicate no significant correlation between bingeing behaviors and social support (S-Score: r =.006,p=.573 (BE); r =.047,p=.502 (BD); r =.080,p=.246 (BE/BD)) (N- Score: r =.074,p=.284 (BE); r =.006, p=.936 (BD); r =.036, p=.601 (BE/BD)). The prevalence ofbingeing behaviors was similar to the rest of the nation as 40.3% report BE, and 49.5% report BD. Related to age/gender differences males reported higher levels of bingeing behaviors and males reported significantly higher binge drinking severity level l(males = 64.04% vs. females= 35.96 %, p= .008). Reported binge drinking behaviors were divided into three levels. The three severity levels are; level 0= individuals who drink alcohol, yet have not binged in the past 30 days; level 1 =individuals who binge drank only once in the past 30 days; and level 2= individuals who frequently binge drink (2 or more binge drinking episodes in the past 30 days). Differences in binge drinking severity level 0, 1, and 2 also occurred between age category 18-20 and 21-25 (p=.007, .000, .000, respectively). Implications of this dissertation suggest that, within a collegiate population, social support may not have as much of a positive influence as previously thought. Another implication is the significant differences that exist between age, gender, and bingeing behaviors suggest any attempt to modify binge behaviors within a collegiate population should be gender and age specific.
ASSOCIATIONS OF ANTIOXIDANT CONSUMPTION FROM FOOD AND SUPPLEMENT SOURCES ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS
(North Dakota State University, 2024) Knoll, Kelly
Oxidative stress, the imbalance of prooxidants and antioxidants, has been recognized as a possible risk factor for cognitive impairment. We postulate that increased dietary antioxidant consumption could help preserve cognitive function during aging. Dietary intake and cognitive function of 50 adults aged ≥65-years (66% women; aged 71.5±5.1 years) was assessed using Cronometer, an electronic nutrition analysis application, and the Saint Louis University Mental Status examination. The fisher’s exact test (p < 0.01) identified a significantly lower percentage of cognitive dysfunction (31.6%; 6 of 19 participants) among participants that met the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) for the antioxidants, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and manganese, and a higher percentage of cognitive dysfunction among those that did not meet the antioxidant RDAs (74.2%; 23 of 31 participants). However, mean cognitive scores differed insignificantly between those meeting RDAs (26.2 ±4.2 points) and those that did not (24.9 ±2.9 points; p = 0.07).
Athletic Trainers' Ability to Establish Peripheral Intravenous Access
(North Dakota State University, 2022) McCormack, Elizabeth
Certified athletic trainers (AT) are usually the first to respond to an athletic emergency heat illness (EHI) and are expected to provide prehospital care. The goal of this study was to investigate the percentage of athletic trainers who could successfully place an intravenous (IV) line and retain the skill for 30 days. Fifteen ATs received an educational training on how to place an IV from a nationally registered paramedic (NR-P) Those ATs who were successful in administering an IV were asked to report 30 days later for follow-up. Data were analyzed to compare IV placement success rates, confidence levels before and after each attempt, and ATs perceived value in the newly learned skill. The concept of ATs’ success in IV placement will need additional study to help develop athletic training educational curricula and modify any prehospital care standards if necessary.
Barriers and Strategies to Optimize Diabetes Management in Emerging Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Sawyer, Bailee Catherine
Emerging adults aged 18 – 30 years with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) make unique lifestyle choices that can create complications for disease management. The objective of this study was to identify barriers and strategies for management of T1DM in young adults (YA). A non-experimental, causal-comparative, observational cross-sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative methods was utilized for the study. In May 2020, YA with T1DM (n = 115; mean age diagnosed 14 ± 7.23) aged 18 – 30 years (64% in age group 25 – 30 years) were recruited to complete the Managing Diabetes in Young Adults Survey. Participant self-reported biomarkers and demographics. The survey included: T1DM management questions from the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES), the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), the Diabetes Eating Problems Survey – Revised (DEPS-R), and select questions from the Centers for Disease Control Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Qualitative methods included a telephone interview. From the survey, ‘good’ glycemic control (GC) was associated with higher DSMQ overall scores (p = 0.0003) and the DSMQ glucose management subscale (p = 0.0027) compared to ‘medium’ and ‘poor’ GC. Participants with ‘good’ GC were observed to have higher eating disorder/disordered eating risk (DEPS-R score  20) than the ‘medium’ GC group (mean 28.60 ± 6.86 vs. mean 22.17 ± 2.56, p = 0.0320). Participants who drank more alcohol per session and per week were more likely to adjust dietary intake and insulin dosage: (F (1,114) = 9.52, R^2=0.0770,p=0.0026), (F (1,114) = 5.14, R^2=0.0431,p= 0.0253). There was a weak negative association observed from the Spearman correlation coefficient (-0.0755; 95% CI -0.2665, 0.1154) for ‘good’ GC and those who are at risk for low blood glucose during physical activity. Qualitative examination exposed various barriers and strategies for T1DM management. From the survey participants, 21 volunteered for the telephone interview (female = 19, male = 2) (diagnosed age: mean 15.00 ± 8.00). Barrier themes included physiology, environment, and insurance and subthemes, mental health, lack of social support and weather. Strategy themes included medical technology, social support, and physical activity; and strategy subthemes, supplies, compliance, social media and accountability.
A Biomechanical and Electromyographic Analysis of Elite Shot Putters at a Division I University
(North Dakota State University, 2022) Waldera, Roman
In effort to understand the most optimal technique for shot put throwing, researchers have investigated the individual factors of the throw that may contribute to elite level performances. Two techniques are commonly utilized by shot put throwers, known as the glide and rotational techniques. Within research studies, electromyography (EMG) and kinematic motion capture (MOCAP) analysis technologies are common data collection tools utilized by the authors. Within the dynamic shot put throwing movement, muscle activations and kinematic positions demonstrated by a thrower in motion will vary throughout the four phases of the throw, which are commonly referred to as: initiation, flight, landing, and completion phase In the current analysis of shot putters (n = 12, Males = 6, Females = 6), EMG analysis was conducted on seven muscles throughout the four phases of the throw: Rectus Femoris (RF), Biceps Femoris (BF), Gastrocnemius (GAS), Triceps (TRI), Latissimus Dorsi (LAT), External Oblique (EO), and Gluteus Medius (GM). The majority of MOCAP data variables within the current study were analyzed in the landing phase: Shoulder-Hip (S-H) Separation and Trunk Angle in the X, Y, and Z planes. Additionally, the maximum height which the thrower achieves during the flight phase, referred to as Peak Height of Center of Mass (PCOM), was analyzed using MOCAP. Significant relationships were found between thrown distance and activation of RF, EO, LAT, and GAS, with some differences existing between technique groups. For MOCAP data, significant relationships were found between thrown distance and angles of trunk inclination and trunk lateral flexion, with some differences existing between groups of technique and sex. The findings of this study are practical to track and field coaches in their understanding of the muscle activations in various phases of the throw as well as kinematic positions exhibited by athletes in the landing phase.
Changes in Energy Intake and Appetite Following Different Intensities of Aerobic Exercise
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Shaughnessy, Keith Alan
This research evaluated changes in appetite, energy intake, and body composition following 15 sessions of both moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in overweight and sedentary adults (n = 4 female, n = 2 male). All subjects performed both MICT and HIIT. Paired t-tests were used to analyze data between testing sessions. A repeated-measures ANOVA along with a Bonferroni adjustment was used for measures over the study duration. Chronic appetite was unchanged over the study duration, but appetite post-exercise was 5.7% higher in HIIT (p = 0.03) in the first session compared to MICT. Energy intake was reduced within subjects (p = 0.023) over the study. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced (p = 0.027) between post-testing 1 and post-testing 2. While this study suggests aerobic exercise has no effect on chronic feelings of appetite, more research is needed as energy intake was reduced.
Comparing Blood Serum Values of Vitamin D and Calcium in Division I Female Athletes
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Schmidt, Adalie Lynn
The purpose was to compare blood serum levels of vitamin D and calcium to bone mineral density and previous fracture in Division I women’s basketball and soccer athletes. We recruited thirty athletes (19.53 ± 1.105 years); NCAA Division I soccer (n=21) and basketball (n=9). The calcium average was 9.61 ± .39 mg/dL for soccer and basketball was 10.01 ± 0.33 mg/dL. Vitamin D average for soccer was 44.48 ± 12.09 ng/DL and basketball 52.00 ± 17.44 ng/dL. Total bone mineral density measurements for the two groups did not differ at a statistically significant level (t[11.9] = 0.74, p = .472, g = 0.36). The results indicated bone mineral density and previous stress fractures were not statistically significant (p = .663, g = 0.65).
Comparing Subjective Fatigue During Two Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Models
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Reichel, Rachel
Bystanders are the first rescuers to perform CPR for patients suffering from cardiac arrest. Compression-only CPR decreases the amount of interruption time between compressions but increases the fatigue of the rescuer. In this study, participants were certified as lay rescuers and performed two compression-only CPR protocols for eight minutes and 59 seconds. The two protocols were 30 compressions to a 10-second break and continuous compressions with as many 10-second breaks as needed. Body mass index and hand grip strength were collected before the CPR protocols. Rate of Perceived Exertion scores were taken at three, six and nine minutes during each protocol. There were increased fatigue levels during the continuous compressions protocol at all three time intervals. A relationship between hand grip strength and the proper depth was determined for the 30:10 protocol as well as a relationship between hand grip strength and the continuous compressions fatigue levels.
A Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Outcomes Between Traditional and Endomorphic Manikins With and Without Equipment
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Tarabanovic, Danica Lynn
Emergency responders are expected to perform high-quality CPR on an array of body physiques, regardless of the presence of protective equipment. The purpose of this study was to examine rescuers’ administration of CPR on traditional and endomorphic manikins with and without football shoulder pads (FBSP). Fifty emergency responders completed two compression-only scenarios following 2015 AHA CPR Guidelines: 1) removal of FBSP before initiating chest compressions, and 2) performing chest compressions over FBSP. There was a statistically significant effect with a decrease in compression rate and depth with the presence of FBSP. For chest recoil, there was a statistically significant effect due to manikin type and presence of FBSP. Based on these findings, emergency responders are not equipped to perform high-quality CPR in all scenarios. Additionally, utilization of a diverse range of manikin physiques should be a consideration in the advancement of CPR education for emergency responders.
Comparison of Face-To-Face and Synchronous Web-Based Training in Motivational Interviewing for Health and Human Service Professionals: Does Training Method Matter?
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Fairweather, Amanda Elizabeth
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a client-centered technique that builds intrinsic motivation for behavior change that healthcare professionals can acquire to provide better care for their clients. Currently, MI training is done face-to-face; however, to make training more accessible, online training needs to be evaluated. Eighteen human and health service professionals were randomized and participated in fourteen hours of either a face-to-face or online synchronous MI training. To distinguish skill level and proficiency between the groups participants completed an audio recording with another participant and was coded using Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) 4.2.1. There was statistical significance (p=0.045) in the behavioral count of giving information. However, no other significant differences were found indicating there was no difference between the two training modalities. A synchronous online MI training is as efficacious as traditional face-to-face training. Synchronous online training may enable MI training for healthcare professionals who live in remote areas.
A Comparison of Kinesio® Taping Methods for Subjects with Patellar Tendonitis
(North Dakota State University, 2020) Gallais, Kathleen Yvette
This project investigated the effects of Kinesio® Tape on pain, kinesiophobia, and proprioception in participants with patellar tendonitis. Thirty participants with patellar tendonitis were divided into three groups, the first received a supportive Kinesio® Tape application at the knee, the second received a facilitative application at the hip, and the third received both. A Visual Analog Score, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia score, and a proprioceptive score quantified through the Biodex Balance System were obtained both immediately after application, and 24 to 36 hours following. Statistically significant improvement in VAS scores and in proprioceptive ability with eyes closed 24 to 36 hours following Kinesio® Tape application was observed under all interventions. Kinesio® Tape application for pain, cause of pain and proprioception may assist patients with patellar tendonitis.
Comparison of Shortwave Diathermy and Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization on Improving Hamstring Range of Motion
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Hansen, Maddie Anne
Limited research exists on the comparison of pulsed shortwave diathermy (PSWD) and instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM). In addition, minimal research exists on the AcuForce® 7.0 and none of it examines the effects of the AcuForce® 7.0 on range of motion (ROM). This study focused on the comparison of PSWD and IASTM on hamstring flexibility and perceived patient comfort. Twenty male students, faculty, and staff (age 24.5 ± 5.7 years) participated. Active knee extension ROM with the hip flexed at 90º was measured before and after the intervention. Perceived patient comfort was measured after the intervention. The results showed significant increases in ROM in all subjects (p = 0.013). However, there were no significant differences between groups (p = 0.079). Also, there were no significant differences in perceived patient comfort. The results of this study support hamstring flexibility can be increased with the use of either PSWD or the AcuForce® 7.0.

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