Health, Nutrition & Exercise Science Masters Theses

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Acute Exercise Response of Caffeine and Nitric Oxide Stimulating Pre-Workout Supplement among Healthy Male Recreational Athletes
(North Dakota State University, 2017) Blake, Michael Scott
The effect of cocktail or “pre-workout” supplements containing L-arginine nitrate and caffeine are equivocal with anaerobic performance. The purpose of this study was to compare anaerobic performance and blood flow of pre-workout supplement containing L-arginine-nitrate and caffeine-to-caffeine and placebo. In a randomized, double-blind study, 12 resistance-trained males (caffeine users) completed three trials. Biodex concentric-concentric elbow-flexion and extension (5-sets, 10-repetitions). Ultrasound measured brachial blood flow (M-Vel, V- r2 and V-C). Statistical analyses revealed a significant difference in total dynamic work PRE-PLA (P<0.0001) and CAF-to-PLA (P<0.0001) but not PRE-to-CAF (P=0.9581). Furthermore, a significant difference V- r2 PRE-to-CAF (P=0.0391) and PLA-to-CAF (P=0.0070) and M-Vel PRE-to-CAF (P=0.0281). Conclusion, PRE did not differ CAF in strength measures other than a difference in M-Vel. PRE compared to PLA were not statically different in blood flow. The study illustrated no improvement beyond individual ingredient. This research may be useful for future cocktail supplement and Nitric Oxide research.
An Analysis of CPR Performance, Self-Efficacy, and Deliberate Feedback
(North Dakota State University, 2022) Martinez, Caroline
During sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), prompt initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by a healthcare provider or layperson is critical to a patient’s odds of survival.4 The absence of health care providers in athletic settings often leaves coaches as the primary responder in competitive or recreational athletics. The goal of this study was to determine if coaches could provide high-quality CPR. Twenty coaches completed confidence and deliberate feedback questionnaires before and after two sessions of 5 minute compression-only CPR. Data were analyzed to compare confidence pre and post CPR assessment, as well as to determine the relationship between CPR performance, self-efficacy, and deliberate feedback. After receiving feedback on the initial five minutes of compression-only CPR as well as completion of a one-minute bout of CPR with deliberate feedback, a strong, positive relationship between self-efficacy and quality of CPR performance was observed.
An Analysis of Kinesio® Tape on Mitigation of Dynamic Knee Valgum
(North Dakota State University, 2022) Smedley, Katelynn
Kinesio® Tape has potential to be an intervention to mitigate dynamic knee valgum. This research project investigated the effect of Kinesio® Tape has on dynamic knee valgum through three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis in females with a history or current participation in competitive basketball or volleyball. Thirty volunteers preformed a Y-Balance test and drop jump landing (DJL) test with three different taping conditions. No tape, Kinesio® Performance Plus Tape for the facilitative gluteus medius application, and Kinesio® Tex Classic Tape for the spiral technique (ST). Results observed a statistically significant decrease in knee abduction valgum angle during 100 ms after initial contact on a DJL with application of the Kinesio® spiral technique. No significant results were observed between all three conditions during Y-Balance testing. Based off these findings we can conclude that applying the Kinesio® spiral technique mitigates dynamic knee valgum, therefore possibly decreasing the risk for ACL injury in females.
An Analysis of Kinesio® Tape on Myofascial Pain Syndrome of the Iliotibial Band
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Riegel, Hannah Nicole
This study analyzed the effects of Kinesio® Tape on pain pressure threshold (PPT) of trigger points (TrPs) within the iliotibial band (ITB). Fifty participants were evaluated for TrPs in the ITB. An algometer was used to measure pre-intervention PPT followed by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score for pain. A sham or fascial taping technique was applied. After 10 minutes, a post-intervention PPT was obtained. After 48 hours, participants returned where post-intervention PPT and VAS was obtained with the tape on and PPT again 10 minutes following tape removal. Participants reported a decrease in pain. There was a slight increase in PPT from pre-tape to 10-minutes post tape. An ANOVA model incorporating all four measurements was statistically significant. There is sufficient evidence to suggest the fascial taping technique is effective at manipulating PPT of TrPs. Overall, more pressure was needed to elicit pain and the TrPs became less symptomatic.
Asking Why, Instead of What: Investigating a Picky Eating Spectrum
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Jellison, Savanna Elizabeth Jean Westrom
There is currently no universal definition for picky eating. Picky eating is also currently viewed as a binary decision. The purpose of the current study was to develop a spectrum of picky eating. The researchers used a why instead of what approach to identifying 23 picky eating categories and themes among individuals. Exploratory Factor Analysis was utilized on pilot data (N = 412) and items loaded on three factors. The first factor consisted of 7 items (α = .76) and accounted for 24.56% of the variance in the data. Factor two consisted of 10 items (α = .79) accounting for 9.87% of variance and factor three consisted of 5 items (α = .66) and accounted for 6.85% of the variance. Our results indicate that the picky eating spectrum identifies various behaviors of picky eating that could lead to targeted interventions and potentially reduce parental frustration and picky eating.
The Association Among Social Support, Binge Eating, and Binge Drinking in NDSU College Students
(North Dakota State University, 2009) Zaruba, Julie Irene
The purpose of this thesis was to determine the association between bingeing behaviors and social support in college students. Participants were 216 male (57%) and female students, between 18-25 years, who were enrolled in a university required Wellness course. Participants volunteered to complete an online survey. The survey contained questions related to binge eating (BE), binge drinking (BD), social support, and basic demographic data. Groups were constructed based on the participants' gender or age and reported bingeing behaviors (binge eating (BE), binge drinking (BD), binge eating and binge drinking (BE/BD), and no bingeing behavior (NB)). Further, the social support data were broken down into low, moderate, and high categories for S- and N- Scores. S-scores represent the level of perceived social support an individual reports and an N-Score represents the number of individuals in a social network. Paper 1 (Social Support and Bingeing Behaviors in College Students) examined descriptive data on bingeing behaviors and social support to assess if any associations occur between these variables. Paper 1 also assessed the prevalence of bingeing behaviors among college students and identified gender/age differences among individuals who reported bingeing behaviors. Findings from the study indicate no significant associations between bingeing behaviors and social support (S-Score: p=.778 (BE); .362 (BD); .748 (BE/BD); .144 (NB)) (N-Score: p=.853 (BE); .362 (BD); .602 (BE/BD). Findings from the study also indicate no significant correlation between bingeing behaviors and social support (S-Score: r =.006,p=.573 (BE); r =.047,p=.502 (BD); r =.080,p=.246 (BE/BD)) (N- Score: r =.074,p=.284 (BE); r =.006, p=.936 (BD); r =.036, p=.601 (BE/BD)). The prevalence ofbingeing behaviors was similar to the rest of the nation as 40.3% report BE, and 49.5% report BD. Related to age/gender differences males reported higher levels of bingeing behaviors and males reported significantly higher binge drinking severity level l(males = 64.04% vs. females= 35.96 %, p= .008). Reported binge drinking behaviors were divided into three levels. The three severity levels are; level 0= individuals who drink alcohol, yet have not binged in the past 30 days; level 1 =individuals who binge drank only once in the past 30 days; and level 2= individuals who frequently binge drink (2 or more binge drinking episodes in the past 30 days). Differences in binge drinking severity level 0, 1, and 2 also occurred between age category 18-20 and 21-25 (p=.007, .000, .000, respectively). Implications of this dissertation suggest that, within a collegiate population, social support may not have as much of a positive influence as previously thought. Another implication is the significant differences that exist between age, gender, and bingeing behaviors suggest any attempt to modify binge behaviors within a collegiate population should be gender and age specific.
ASSOCIATIONS OF ANTIOXIDANT CONSUMPTION FROM FOOD AND SUPPLEMENT SOURCES ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS
(North Dakota State University, 2024) Knoll, Kelly
Oxidative stress, the imbalance of prooxidants and antioxidants, has been recognized as a possible risk factor for cognitive impairment. We postulate that increased dietary antioxidant consumption could help preserve cognitive function during aging. Dietary intake and cognitive function of 50 adults aged ≥65-years (66% women; aged 71.5±5.1 years) was assessed using Cronometer, an electronic nutrition analysis application, and the Saint Louis University Mental Status examination. The fisher’s exact test (p < 0.01) identified a significantly lower percentage of cognitive dysfunction (31.6%; 6 of 19 participants) among participants that met the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) for the antioxidants, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and manganese, and a higher percentage of cognitive dysfunction among those that did not meet the antioxidant RDAs (74.2%; 23 of 31 participants). However, mean cognitive scores differed insignificantly between those meeting RDAs (26.2 ±4.2 points) and those that did not (24.9 ±2.9 points; p = 0.07).
Athletic Trainers' Ability to Establish Peripheral Intravenous Access
(North Dakota State University, 2022) McCormack, Elizabeth
Certified athletic trainers (AT) are usually the first to respond to an athletic emergency heat illness (EHI) and are expected to provide prehospital care. The goal of this study was to investigate the percentage of athletic trainers who could successfully place an intravenous (IV) line and retain the skill for 30 days. Fifteen ATs received an educational training on how to place an IV from a nationally registered paramedic (NR-P) Those ATs who were successful in administering an IV were asked to report 30 days later for follow-up. Data were analyzed to compare IV placement success rates, confidence levels before and after each attempt, and ATs perceived value in the newly learned skill. The concept of ATs’ success in IV placement will need additional study to help develop athletic training educational curricula and modify any prehospital care standards if necessary.
Changes in Energy Intake and Appetite Following Different Intensities of Aerobic Exercise
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Shaughnessy, Keith Alan
This research evaluated changes in appetite, energy intake, and body composition following 15 sessions of both moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in overweight and sedentary adults (n = 4 female, n = 2 male). All subjects performed both MICT and HIIT. Paired t-tests were used to analyze data between testing sessions. A repeated-measures ANOVA along with a Bonferroni adjustment was used for measures over the study duration. Chronic appetite was unchanged over the study duration, but appetite post-exercise was 5.7% higher in HIIT (p = 0.03) in the first session compared to MICT. Energy intake was reduced within subjects (p = 0.023) over the study. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced (p = 0.027) between post-testing 1 and post-testing 2. While this study suggests aerobic exercise has no effect on chronic feelings of appetite, more research is needed as energy intake was reduced.
Comparing Blood Serum Values of Vitamin D and Calcium in Division I Female Athletes
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Schmidt, Adalie Lynn
The purpose was to compare blood serum levels of vitamin D and calcium to bone mineral density and previous fracture in Division I women’s basketball and soccer athletes. We recruited thirty athletes (19.53 ± 1.105 years); NCAA Division I soccer (n=21) and basketball (n=9). The calcium average was 9.61 ± .39 mg/dL for soccer and basketball was 10.01 ± 0.33 mg/dL. Vitamin D average for soccer was 44.48 ± 12.09 ng/DL and basketball 52.00 ± 17.44 ng/dL. Total bone mineral density measurements for the two groups did not differ at a statistically significant level (t[11.9] = 0.74, p = .472, g = 0.36). The results indicated bone mineral density and previous stress fractures were not statistically significant (p = .663, g = 0.65).
Comparing Subjective Fatigue During Two Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Models
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Reichel, Rachel
Bystanders are the first rescuers to perform CPR for patients suffering from cardiac arrest. Compression-only CPR decreases the amount of interruption time between compressions but increases the fatigue of the rescuer. In this study, participants were certified as lay rescuers and performed two compression-only CPR protocols for eight minutes and 59 seconds. The two protocols were 30 compressions to a 10-second break and continuous compressions with as many 10-second breaks as needed. Body mass index and hand grip strength were collected before the CPR protocols. Rate of Perceived Exertion scores were taken at three, six and nine minutes during each protocol. There were increased fatigue levels during the continuous compressions protocol at all three time intervals. A relationship between hand grip strength and the proper depth was determined for the 30:10 protocol as well as a relationship between hand grip strength and the continuous compressions fatigue levels.
A Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Outcomes Between Traditional and Endomorphic Manikins With and Without Equipment
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Tarabanovic, Danica Lynn
Emergency responders are expected to perform high-quality CPR on an array of body physiques, regardless of the presence of protective equipment. The purpose of this study was to examine rescuers’ administration of CPR on traditional and endomorphic manikins with and without football shoulder pads (FBSP). Fifty emergency responders completed two compression-only scenarios following 2015 AHA CPR Guidelines: 1) removal of FBSP before initiating chest compressions, and 2) performing chest compressions over FBSP. There was a statistically significant effect with a decrease in compression rate and depth with the presence of FBSP. For chest recoil, there was a statistically significant effect due to manikin type and presence of FBSP. Based on these findings, emergency responders are not equipped to perform high-quality CPR in all scenarios. Additionally, utilization of a diverse range of manikin physiques should be a consideration in the advancement of CPR education for emergency responders.
Comparison of Face-To-Face and Synchronous Web-Based Training in Motivational Interviewing for Health and Human Service Professionals: Does Training Method Matter?
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Fairweather, Amanda Elizabeth
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a client-centered technique that builds intrinsic motivation for behavior change that healthcare professionals can acquire to provide better care for their clients. Currently, MI training is done face-to-face; however, to make training more accessible, online training needs to be evaluated. Eighteen human and health service professionals were randomized and participated in fourteen hours of either a face-to-face or online synchronous MI training. To distinguish skill level and proficiency between the groups participants completed an audio recording with another participant and was coded using Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) 4.2.1. There was statistical significance (p=0.045) in the behavioral count of giving information. However, no other significant differences were found indicating there was no difference between the two training modalities. A synchronous online MI training is as efficacious as traditional face-to-face training. Synchronous online training may enable MI training for healthcare professionals who live in remote areas.
A Comparison of Kinesio® Taping Methods for Subjects with Patellar Tendonitis
(North Dakota State University, 2020) Gallais, Kathleen Yvette
This project investigated the effects of Kinesio® Tape on pain, kinesiophobia, and proprioception in participants with patellar tendonitis. Thirty participants with patellar tendonitis were divided into three groups, the first received a supportive Kinesio® Tape application at the knee, the second received a facilitative application at the hip, and the third received both. A Visual Analog Score, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia score, and a proprioceptive score quantified through the Biodex Balance System were obtained both immediately after application, and 24 to 36 hours following. Statistically significant improvement in VAS scores and in proprioceptive ability with eyes closed 24 to 36 hours following Kinesio® Tape application was observed under all interventions. Kinesio® Tape application for pain, cause of pain and proprioception may assist patients with patellar tendonitis.
Comparison of Shortwave Diathermy and Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization on Improving Hamstring Range of Motion
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Hansen, Maddie Anne
Limited research exists on the comparison of pulsed shortwave diathermy (PSWD) and instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM). In addition, minimal research exists on the AcuForce® 7.0 and none of it examines the effects of the AcuForce® 7.0 on range of motion (ROM). This study focused on the comparison of PSWD and IASTM on hamstring flexibility and perceived patient comfort. Twenty male students, faculty, and staff (age 24.5 ± 5.7 years) participated. Active knee extension ROM with the hip flexed at 90º was measured before and after the intervention. Perceived patient comfort was measured after the intervention. The results showed significant increases in ROM in all subjects (p = 0.013). However, there were no significant differences between groups (p = 0.079). Also, there were no significant differences in perceived patient comfort. The results of this study support hamstring flexibility can be increased with the use of either PSWD or the AcuForce® 7.0.
Concussion Awareness & Recognition: Youth Sport Parent's Perceptions
(North Dakota State University, 2011) Lindback, Marissa Jae
Youth sport concussion has recently become a topic of concern for health care professionals. Young athletes are at greater risk of sustaining a concussion because children have a greater head-to-body ratio and their cervical musculature and cranial bones are not fully developed. Access to on-site medical professionals is limited for young athletes, leaving recognition and management of the injury to the parents. Limited research has examined parental knowledge of concussion. The purpose of this study was to examine youth sport parents' knowledge regarding the recognition, assessment, and management of concussion. A cross-sectional descriptive design utilizing a SurveyMonkey™ questionnaire was emailed to all parents associated with two gymnastics organizations in the Fargo-Moorhead metro area. Included in the survey were outcome measures that included knowledge of concussion etiology, the ability to recognize concussive symptoms, and knowledge of concussion management. Eighty-nine parents of youth sports athletes participated in this study, a 25 percent response rate. A novel survey instrument was developed to assess parental concussion knowledge. Internal reliability of the instrument was established prior to the study with a pilot group (Cronbach's alpha= 0.67). Data analysis included information regarding frequency and percentages of overall results and demographic data. Overall, participants in this study had moderate knowledge of concussion recognition, diagnosis, and management. Participants with and without prior medical training differed significantly in their knowledge of concussion etiology (P= 0.0016). There was no significant difference between these groups in their ability to recognize concussive symptoms (P= 0.08) or in the knowledge level regarding concussion management (P= 0.68). There was no significant difference between parents with children who participate in more than one sport and those whose children participate in gymnastics only (P= 0.76). Those who have personally (themselves or their children) been diagnosed with a concussion and those who had never been diagnosed with a concussion were not significantly different in their overall concussion knowledge (P= 1.92). Parents have a moderate level of knowledge regarding some aspects of concussive injuries. Additional educational opportunities for parents may help increase concussion awareness.
Does Relative Energy in Sport Undermine Bone Health?
(North Dakota State University, 2020) Schimek, Regina Louise
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) is a term expanded from the female athlete triad the is inclusive to males and females and the negative physiological symptoms impacting athlete health and performance from low energy availability. Bone health is one of the ten health consequences of RED-S. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate RED-S in female and male collegiate athletes and determine if there is an association with bone health. Thirteen participants completed an electronic survey containing the LEAF-Q and EAT-26, a three-day food diary and exercise log, and a DXA scan. Energy intake and exercise expenditure was analyzed using an ESHA food analysis processor. Participants at risk for RED-S had higher occurrences of injuries (p<0.022) and lower Z-scores (p<0.063) than those not at risk for RED-S. In conclusion, athletes at risk for RED-S may have higher occurrences of injuries and lower bone mineral density.
Effect of Diabetic Retinopathy Education on Knowledge and Planned Lifestyle Activities
(North Dakota State University, 2010) Youd, Lindsay Marie
Prevalence of diabetes is increasing in the United States as well as in North Dakota. Diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes, is seen in 40-45% of Americans diagnosed with diabetes. It is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in adults. Complications of diabetes can be decreased by controlling blood glucose levels. Blood pressure. and blood lipids as well as receiving preventive care in a timely manner. Since diabetic retinopathy may have no symptoms. it is important for healthcare providers as well as those with diabetes to be aware of the disease and how to prevent and treat it. Currently a diet for diabetic retinopathy does not exist. Although there are diet recommendations for controlling blood glucose. blood pressure. and blood lipids. In this study. an educational program about diabetic retinopathy and diet was developed based on current research. The educational program was provided to two groups of participants. Group I (n=20) and Group 2 (n=40). Group I participants were divided into experimental and control (n=7) subgroups. Participants in the experimental group completed a survey prior to and after an educational program. Participants in the control group completed a survey prior to and after reading a brochure on diabetic retinopathy and diet. Group 2 participants were recruited from a required \\ellness class at North Dakota State University and completed a survey prior to and after an educational program. Mean scores on the pre-and post-surveys were compared to evaluate effectiveness of the educational program. Mean pre- and post- survey scores for Group I experimental and control combined were 12.55 and 14.00 and for Group 2. 11.58 and 12. 78. A significant change in scores was seen in both Ciro up I (p 0 .016) and Group 2 (Sig=.000. df 39. t=4.183). No significant difference in mean pre- (p=.978) and post-survey (p=.381) scores was seen between Group 1 experimental and control group. In Group 1 both the educational program and the brochure were effective. and no significant interaction between and within subjects (p=.486) was seen. Participants did not change their stage of change as a result of participating in the diabetic retinopathy program. although all of the participants indicated an intention to make at least one behavioral change. The program including interactive activities. PowerPoint slides. and questionnaires will be used as part of a state-wide educational curriculum targeted towards older adults.
The Effect of Kinesio Tape® Applied to Forward Shoulder Posture Observed and Quantified with Diagnositc Ultrasound
(North Dakota State University, 2017) Ashcraft, Taylor Jean
Allied health care professionals use Kinesio Tape® to reduce pain and increase performance without evidence of the impact on anatomical structures. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of three Kinesio Taping Methods® on Forward Shoulder Posture (FSP). Thirty adults were randomized in a pre-/post-test study randomly assigned to one of the three Kinesio Tape® conditions: (1) inhibition of the pectoralis minor; (2) facilitation of the lower trapezius; and (3) a combination of both techniques. A baseline measurement of the location of the humerus was obtained using diagnostic ultrasound. Participants wore the respective taping technique for 24 hours and were re-measured without tape. The overall effect between each taping technique was not statistically significant (P >.05). Health care professionals should consider individual differences in anatomy as well as injury before arbitrarily applying Kinesio® Tape in hopes that it will alleviate pain or reduce injury.
Effectiveness of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation over Protective Athletic Equipment as Performed by Certified Athletic Trainers
(North Dakota State University, 2020) Skaro, Kaitlyn Colleen
Certified Athletic Trainers (ATCs) are expected to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on athletes experiencing cardiac arrest, regardless of whether the athlete is wearing protective athletic equipment. The goal of this research was to determine if ATCs were able to deliver high-quality CPR over and under football shoulder pads. Forty-one ATCs completed CPR according to 2015 AHA guidelines over and under shoulder pads fitted on a manikin. CPR quality was measured with the Resusci Anne Wireless SkillReporter. Data were analyzed to compare CPR performed over and under the shoulder pads. Overall CPR score, chest compression depth, and ventilation volume were statistically significant when CPR was performed over the equipment. Equipment removal revealed to cause a delay in compression initiation. Although the data from CPR measures suggest the removal of equipment is indicated, the prolonged delay of compressions due to equipment removal should be taken into consideration before establishing best-practice recommendations.

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