Health, Nutrition & Exercise Science Doctoral Work

Permanent URI for this collectionhdl:10365/32476

Browse

Browsing Health, Nutrition & Exercise Science Doctoral Work by browse.metadata.program "Exercise Science and Nutrition"

Filter results by typing the first few letters
Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Barriers and Strategies to Optimize Diabetes Management in Emerging Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
    (North Dakota State University, 2021) Sawyer, Bailee Catherine
    Emerging adults aged 18 – 30 years with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) make unique lifestyle choices that can create complications for disease management. The objective of this study was to identify barriers and strategies for management of T1DM in young adults (YA). A non-experimental, causal-comparative, observational cross-sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative methods was utilized for the study. In May 2020, YA with T1DM (n = 115; mean age diagnosed 14 ± 7.23) aged 18 – 30 years (64% in age group 25 – 30 years) were recruited to complete the Managing Diabetes in Young Adults Survey. Participant self-reported biomarkers and demographics. The survey included: T1DM management questions from the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES), the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), the Diabetes Eating Problems Survey – Revised (DEPS-R), and select questions from the Centers for Disease Control Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Qualitative methods included a telephone interview. From the survey, ‘good’ glycemic control (GC) was associated with higher DSMQ overall scores (p = 0.0003) and the DSMQ glucose management subscale (p = 0.0027) compared to ‘medium’ and ‘poor’ GC. Participants with ‘good’ GC were observed to have higher eating disorder/disordered eating risk (DEPS-R score  20) than the ‘medium’ GC group (mean 28.60 ± 6.86 vs. mean 22.17 ± 2.56, p = 0.0320). Participants who drank more alcohol per session and per week were more likely to adjust dietary intake and insulin dosage: (F (1,114) = 9.52, R^2=0.0770,p=0.0026), (F (1,114) = 5.14, R^2=0.0431,p= 0.0253). There was a weak negative association observed from the Spearman correlation coefficient (-0.0755; 95% CI -0.2665, 0.1154) for ‘good’ GC and those who are at risk for low blood glucose during physical activity. Qualitative examination exposed various barriers and strategies for T1DM management. From the survey participants, 21 volunteered for the telephone interview (female = 19, male = 2) (diagnosed age: mean 15.00 ± 8.00). Barrier themes included physiology, environment, and insurance and subthemes, mental health, lack of social support and weather. Strategy themes included medical technology, social support, and physical activity; and strategy subthemes, supplies, compliance, social media and accountability.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    A Biomechanical and Electromyographic Analysis of Elite Shot Putters at a Division I University
    (North Dakota State University, 2022) Waldera, Roman
    In effort to understand the most optimal technique for shot put throwing, researchers have investigated the individual factors of the throw that may contribute to elite level performances. Two techniques are commonly utilized by shot put throwers, known as the glide and rotational techniques. Within research studies, electromyography (EMG) and kinematic motion capture (MOCAP) analysis technologies are common data collection tools utilized by the authors. Within the dynamic shot put throwing movement, muscle activations and kinematic positions demonstrated by a thrower in motion will vary throughout the four phases of the throw, which are commonly referred to as: initiation, flight, landing, and completion phase In the current analysis of shot putters (n = 12, Males = 6, Females = 6), EMG analysis was conducted on seven muscles throughout the four phases of the throw: Rectus Femoris (RF), Biceps Femoris (BF), Gastrocnemius (GAS), Triceps (TRI), Latissimus Dorsi (LAT), External Oblique (EO), and Gluteus Medius (GM). The majority of MOCAP data variables within the current study were analyzed in the landing phase: Shoulder-Hip (S-H) Separation and Trunk Angle in the X, Y, and Z planes. Additionally, the maximum height which the thrower achieves during the flight phase, referred to as Peak Height of Center of Mass (PCOM), was analyzed using MOCAP. Significant relationships were found between thrown distance and activation of RF, EO, LAT, and GAS, with some differences existing between technique groups. For MOCAP data, significant relationships were found between thrown distance and angles of trunk inclination and trunk lateral flexion, with some differences existing between groups of technique and sex. The findings of this study are practical to track and field coaches in their understanding of the muscle activations in various phases of the throw as well as kinematic positions exhibited by athletes in the landing phase.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Exercise and Nutrition to Counter Age-Related Decrements in Muscle Health and Function
    (North Dakota State University, 2020) Trautman, Kara Ann
    Muscle atrophy and strength decrements can occur following disease (e.g., cachexia), with increasing age (e.g., sarcopenia), or from disuse related to injury or occupational environment (e.g., microgravity). High-load resistance training and adequate protein and amino acid intake are effective countermeasures. However, high-load training may not be feasible in all populations. Lower intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) is an effective alternative and its benefits may be increased when combined with supplementation of protein and leucine. Two studies explored the relationships between nutrient intake and physical activity and the effects of short-term combination on muscle health in middle age. Methods: To compare muscle strength and size, 98 participants were divided by age and physical activity (young active adults = 23.0 ± 3.1 years, sedentary young adults = 26.3 ± 4.7 years, middle-aged active adults = 57.3 ± 4.0 years, middle-aged sedentary adults = 57.9 ± 4.4 years). Relationships between muscular health, nutrient intake, and physical activity were also examined. Next, 16 participants (age = 36.0 ± 10.1 yrs., BMI = 27.2 ± 5.0 kg/m2) completed BFR training with supplementation of 28g of leucine-rich protein or an isocaloric placebo to evaluate the effects on health and performance. Results: There were significant group effects for muscle strength (p = .003-.010) and size (p=.002). Physical activity, protein intake, and leucine were significantly and positively associated with knee flexor size and strength (R2 = 0.28-0.71, p<.05). Physical activity and protein intake were negatively associated with dorsiflexor strength (r2 = 0.48-0.58, p<0.05). Total leucine intake (g/day) increased by ~38% with supplementation. Training volume in all exercises, sit-to-stand repetitions, gait speed increased significantly with BFR exercise while resting heart rate significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that muscle size and strength are lower in middle age and increased physical activity, protein intake, and leucine intake may be able to preserve muscle size and strength in larger muscle groups of the lower body. Additionally, they show that BFR exercise can improve muscular and cardiovascular health in middle-aged adults, however, there was no short-term benefit to increasing protein and leucine intake above the recommended dietary allowance.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Identification and Comparison of Hydration Practices in Marathon Runners During Intended Training, an Intended Marathon, and Self-Reported Hydration Practices During a Marathon Event
    (North Dakota State University, 2020) Young, Suzanne Louise
    Title: Comparing hydration practices of long-distance runners during intended training, an intended event, and an actual event during COVID-19. Context: Prior studies on long-distance runners have yet to compare hydration practices intended in training to an actual event. Optimal hydration strategies and knowledge of EAH was assessed. Objective: The purpose of this research was to assess and compare the self-reported hydration practices of long-distance runners during an intended training run, an intended event, and during an event. Design: Cross-sectional online survey design Setting: 2020 Hyannis, Massachusetts Marathon; Connecticut trail races; online. Participants: There were 46 participants in the Hyannis, 26 participants in the Connecticut trail races, and 203 participants in the long-distance running studies. Main outcome Measure(s): Survey questions addressed hydration practices, including hydration strategies, and volumes consumed before and during a run. Additional data included demographics, training experience, sources of hydration information, and knowledge of EAH. Results: When comparing volumes consumed, higher correlations were found when comparing intended events in all three studies. In other words, runners intended to drink the same in an intended training run and an intended event. More variation was found when comparing intended volumes to actual volumes. All studies showed strong agreement in the selected hydration strategies between the scenarios and most were statistically significant. The “drinking to thirst hydration strategy”, was selected on average 17% of the time for Hyannis marathoners, 30% of the time for Connecticut trail runners, and 23% of the time for long-distance runners. This hydration strategy is recommended to decrease the risk of EAH in lieu of a personalized hydration plan. EAH awareness among runners was reported between 50-59% of the time in all studies. However, there was inconsistency in recognizing contributing and preventive EAH factors. Conclusion: There were differences in hydration practices when comparing an intended training run, an intended event, and an event. This indicates a need for ongoing education on hydration practices and EAH. If runners mimic appropriate hydration practices during training when running in an event, the risk of EAH may be decreased. The limitation of this research is the self-reported nature of historical data.