Education Doctoral Work

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Capturing the Essence of Canine Animal-Assisted Therapy in Counseling: A Phenomenological Inquiry of At-Risk Youths' Experiences of a Residential Canine Animal-Assisted Therapy Program
(North Dakota State University, 2015) Bach-Gorman, Amber Rae
Phenomenological inquiry was implemented to capture the experiences of nine at-risk youths’ unique and shared experiences of a canine animal-assisted therapy in counseling (AAT-C) program at a therapeutic working ranch (TWR) in the mid-western United States. Five females, and four males ranging in ages between 14 – 17 years participated in individual interviews and reflective journaling. In addition, field observations of the canine AAT-C group sessions were conducted on six separate occasions over a period of six months. Horizonalization of the research data was conducted, resulting in four themes that describe a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon. Themes include: (a) a rippling effect on relational patterns across intrapersonal, interpersonal, and therapeutic domains, (b) cross-dimensional identification and realization of skill attainment, (c) therapeutic factors unique to the presence of a dog, (d) building and expansion of one’s community. A discussion of the relationship with existing literature about canine AAT-C and implications for counseling is addressed.
Counselor Education: A Personal Growth and Personal Development Experience
(North Dakota State University, 2015) Naslund, Melissa Nicole
A basic qualitative design was implemented to better understand the personal growth and personal development of seven master’s level counseling graduates in the mid-western United States. Three foundational questions were used to guide the study: (1) How do master’s level counseling students experience personal growth and personal development during the master’s level counselor-training program? (2) What parts of the master’s level counselor-training program contributed most to students’ personal growth and personal development? (3) How do master’s level counseling graduates conceptualize how their personal growth and personal development have impacted their professional identity and their present work with clients? To address these questions, seven interviews were conducted with professional counselors who had graduated from a CACREP-accredited master’s level counseling program between the years of 2005 and 2013. Sixteen themes emerged from the interviews that addressed four main areas: 1) how master’s level counseling students experience personal growth and personal development, 2) what parts of the training program most impacts personal growth and personal develop, 3) how personal growth and development experiences impact professional’s identity development and present work with clients, and 4) how the terms personal growth, personal development, and professional development are both unique and overlapping concepts. The sixteen themes were supported by direct quotations from the participants. A synthesis of the findings and current literature was conducted and further discussion regarding the limitations of the study, suggestions for future research and implications for counselor education and supervision programs were addressed.
Counselors' Perceptions of the Mental Health Aspects of Infertility for Heterosexual Women
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Westbrock, Michelle Ann
This qualitative study explores counselors' perceptions of the mental health aspects of infertility for heterosexual women by addressing the following five guiding questions: (1) How do licensed mental health counselors understand the infertility experience for the heterosexual woman client? (2) What is the counselors' experience of working with heterosexual women clients with infertility? (3) What do licensed mental health counselors ascribe as the goal of mental health treatment of infertility? (4) What are licensed mental health counselors' perceptions of appropriate mental health interventions for infertility? (5) What are licensed mental health counselors' perceptions of harmful mental health interventions for infertility? To address these questions, ten participant interviews were conducted with licensed mental health counselors in the state of North Dakota. Out of the interviews, ten themes emerged which addressed four of the five guiding questions. The fifth guiding question was addressed by using representative participant responses. Themes were substantiated by direct quotes from the participants. An examination of the literature was then conducted to analyze any gaps between emerged themes and the existing literature on the topic. These gaps were addressed in the discussion, which also includes limitations of the study and recommendations for future research.
Examination of the Psychometric Properties of an Instrument Measuring Treatment Fidelity of Offenders Participating in Moral Reconation Therapy
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Harper, Irene Frances
The availability of quality treatment assessments for offender correctional programs in the United States is limited (Polaschek & Ross, 2010; Singh, Grann & Fazel, 2011). Therefore, a greater focus on the evaluation of assessment is needed to meet the criminogenic needs of offenders completing probation (Bourgon, Bonta, Rugge, Scott, & Yessine, 2010; Cullen & Gilbert, 2013). The researcher’s objective in this quantitative study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Moral Reconation Therapy Group Member Evaluation (MRT GME), an instrument designed to measure the fidelity of Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT) treatment for offenders on probation. The validity, evidence, and findings were based on the analyses of a secondary data set using 227 scores of offenders who received MRT group therapy while participating in a federal probation pre-trial services treatment program in a Midwestern state. The psychometric properties of a 26-item “receipt of MRT” treatment scale and scores from a 3-item “self-efficacy” instrument were tested. The “receipt of treatment” scale had an internal consistency reliability (alpha) of .96, and the 3-item scale of self-efficacy had an internal consistency reliability (alpha) of .57. There was evidence of construct validity of the sample scores by utilizing factor analysis. Analysis utilizing the Varimax rotation of the data identified four factors: assessment of self, positive relationships, current relationships, and positive identity. The results of the analysis indicated that the MRT GME and the Self-Efficacy scales correlated positively and explained 68.1% of the variance. Recommended changes to the instrument included adding and revising scale items and incorporating multicultural components into the scale. Limitations of the research, implications, and recommendations for future research regarding fidelity of MRT and implementation of other offender treatment program suggestions regarding fidelity are discussed.
Examining the Lived Experiences of Native American Counselors Working on the Reservation: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis
(North Dakota State University, 2019) Luger, Brynn Alexandra
The success of mental health counseling partially depends on the professionals who are providing these services, also on the quality of services they provide. To maximize their efficacy, counselors must achieve and maintain their own personal wellness. However, for counselors who work with people who have experienced trauma, there is an increased chance that these counselors will experience adverse effects from this work. In fact, the impact of trauma on counseling professionals is similar to actually experiencing the traumatic event themselves. Native Americans are more likely than any other racial group in the United States to experience chronic traumatization and victimization. As a result of this, Native Americans suffer disproportionate health disparities, including mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and addiction. The research question of this phenomenological study is, “What are the lived experiences of Native American counselors working in the trauma-intense environment of a Native American reservation?”. In this study, three participants took part in a semi-structured, open-ended, individual interview. Through data analysis, four themes were identified about the participants’ shared experiences: the worth and weight of working on a reservation, the impact of culture and community on counseling, four forms of trauma impacting the counselor and their work, and the effects of personal and professional wellness on counselors. The discussion of these findings are presented, along with implications for future research and policy change. In short, the goal of this study is to assist Native American counselors in maintaining their wellness, so they may continue providing counseling services to a population of people who experience significant trauma.
Examining the Psychometric Properties of an Instrument Measuring Treatment Fidelity of Offenders Participating in Moral Reconation Therapy
(North Dakota State University, 2014) Harper, Irene
Video summarizing a Ph.D. dissertation for a non-specialist audience.
Feminist Mentorship: Women Leading Men in Counselor Education
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Hagen, Erin Rachel
This Interpretative Phenomenological Study was initiated to explore the lived experiences of mentorship pairs in counselor education doctoral studies. The research question guiding this study was: what are the qualities of the mentoring relationship between female, cisgender, feminist-oriented counselor education mentors and their male cisgender traditionally-oriented doctoral counselor education mentees? This pair was identified for exploration by noting a gap in mentorship literature that recognizes the unique relational qualities and mentorship outcomes with cross-gender pairs, and the specific influence of feminist orientation on male mentees and the mentorship process. Cross-gender mentorship is addressed in literature but dominantly refers to men as mentors to women (Casto et al., 2005; Jacobi, 1991). This could sustain a tradition in which men are more likely to be mentored by men and thus more apt to perpetuate under-examined hegemonic masculinity norms (APA Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Boys and Men, 2018). It also leaves cross-gender relationships under-examined and open to unhelpful biases attributed to heteronormative dynamics assuming an inability for women and men to connect or that connection is based on attraction rather than professional endeavors (Brown et al., 2009; Harden et al., 2009; Johnson, 2002; Schwiebert et al., 1999). Three cross-gender pairs were interviewed individually to discuss their lived experiences with feminist cross-gender mentorship. Data analysis guidelines for mutiperspectival research designs was used, completing individual case studies of the participant transcripts before moving to analysis of the pairs and then across pairs (Larkin et al., 2019). An IPA research design was chosen as complementary to feminist research in that it has potential to extrapolate rich detailed accounts of participant experiences that creates potential for systemic social change. Themes identified in this study include: an evolution of the mentorship relationship, leveling the unnecessary hierarchy, and expecting the unexpected: surprising elements and outcomes. This study confirms previous findings of feminist mentorship as “just good mentorship in practice” (Humble et al., 2006 p. 5) and fills the wide gap in understanding the importance of cross-gender mentorship for male mentees in counselor education.
Innovation Hour: A Qualitative Case Study of a School-Wide Advisory
(North Dakota State University, 2015) Heide, Chasity Odden
Innovation Hour is a unique advisory program that was created at Anywhere High School to foster increased student connectedness to school. Having a strong connection to school may help students thrive, building capacity and protective factors. A qualitative case-study methodology was used to explore the two research questions. First, what were students’ and staffs’ experiences with the creation and implementation of Innovation Hour at Anywhere High School? Second, did Innovation Hour meet the driving goal of connecting students to school? Four focus groups with students, teachers, and school counselors were conducted. A thematic data analysis was performed, and four themes were identified. A belief in Innovation Hour’s student-led delivery and service focus emerged. Further, while buy-in and logistical challenges were significant, the students were resilient in their eagerness to lead. Limitations and directions for future research, as well as recommendations, were discussed.
An Interdisciplinary Conceptualization of Post-traumatic Growth: A Modified Delphi Study
(North Dakota State University, 2017) Birtles, Cailen Maria Boshak
A Modified Delphi methodology was implemented to create a platform for scholars in various disciplines to reach consensus on the concept of posttraumatic growth. Throughout the literature, there are many differing viewpoints and perceptions on the concept. First, the literature on posttraumatic growth was analyzed through a thematic analysis. The results of the analysis of the literature were themes that became the statements of the first and second survey. Eight published scholars accepted an invitation to complete the two surveys with their opinions on how they view posttraumatic growth. The results illuminated areas of consensus and areas of discord amongst the experts. Participants reached consensus that Tedeschi and Calhoun (1995; 1996; 2004) have provided a widely accepted foundational model of posttraumatic growth. The results of the study have implications for interdisciplinary research, development of posttraumatic growth theory, and posttraumatic growth in clinical settings.
“It’s Like Bluetooth. I Felt Like I Was In Rhythm With Him:” An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) of the Lived Experiences of Commercially Sexually Exploited Youth (CSEY) in a Residential Equine Assisted Psychotherapy (EAP) Program
(North Dakota State University, 2022) Hershberger, Jenna
Human sex trafficking is a grave human rights violation that impacts the dignity of millions both globally and in the United States. The International Labor Organization estimates 4.5 million children are trafficked around the global at any given time (International Labour Organization [ILO], 2017). Within the United States, approximately two in five human trafficking offenses reported to federally funded human trafficking task forces from 2008 to 2010 involved the sex trafficking of minors (Banks & Kyckelhahn, 2011). Childhood traumas, including childhood sexual abuse and rape, emotional abuse, running away from home, and family members’ involvement in sex work or friends who bought sex, significantly associated individuals with sex trafficking victimization (Fedina et al., 2019). Although research related to sex trafficking has grown significantly over the past several decades (Haney et al., 2020), there is a dearth of literature regarding effective therapeutic interventions for the healing of survivors. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) will be utilized to capture the unique and shared experiences of Commercially Sexually Exploited Youth (CSEY) in an Equine Assisted Psychotherapy (EAP) program at a therapeutic working ranch (TWR) in the mid-western United States. A discussion of the relationship with existing literature regarding CSEY, sex trafficking survivors, and EAP as well as implications for residential programs will be addressed.
Life Lessons From Death Work: A Phenomenological Study of Child Bereavement Professionals in the United Kingdom
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Hotchkiss, Jessica Michelle
Phenomenological inquiry was utilized to explore the feelings, experiences, and education of bereavement support professionals working in children’s hospices in the United Kingdom (U.K.). A total of 15 participants from six children’s hospices across the 33 boroughs of London, England, United Kingdom took part in the study. Participants were recruited through a convenience and snowball sampling process and met the following inclusion criteria: (a) currently employed at a children’s hospice in the U.K., (b) had a background in mental health, counseling, psychology, or a related field, and (c) their role involved providing support and/or enhanced emotional well-being for children, young people, and families. Semi-structured, individual interviews were conducted to answer the research question. The research question guiding the study was: What are the experiences and perceived levels of preparedness of bereavement professionals' working with bereaved children, families, and young people? Moustaka’s (1994) modification of the Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method was utilized for data analysis. This researcher identified six themes and various subthemes. The main themes included: the foundation of hospice is holistic, bereavement work entails a unique developmental process, the nature of the work requires additional support and supervision, perceptions of death and disabilities matter, death work allows for a greater focus on life, and children present with unique perceptions and needs related to grief and bereavement. The findings illuminate considerations for grief, bereavement, and death work including education, supervision, and clinical practice. Limitations, recommendations for future research, and implications for counselors and counselor educators are addressed.
The Lived Experience of Nationally Certified Counselors who Attended an Eight-Day Cultural Immersion Institute
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Smith, Julie
Video summarizing a Ph.D. dissertation for a non-specialist audience.
The Lived Experience of Nationally Certified Counselors who Attended an Eight-Day Native American Cultural Immersion Institute
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Smith, Julie Ann
The purpose of this research was to understand how Nationally Certified Counselors experienced an eight-day cultural immersion experience on a Native American reservation. This phenomenological study was designed to capture the essence of the cultural immersion experience. Individual interviews were conducted with 5 participants utilizing a semi-structured interview. One theme emerged from data, along with six sub-themes. The overarching theme that emerged from the data was cultural humility and the six subthemes included difficult conversations, appreciation and application of Native American spirituality, hearing the silent scream, desire to share lead to activism, learner’s mindset, and connection. These themes described how Nationally Certified Counselors experienced the Native American cultural immersion experience. Implications from this research shed light on the significance of cultural immersion opportunities and how they can impact personal and professional growth.
Professional Identity Development: Perceptions of African American Female Counselor Educators' Success in Ph.D. Completion at Predominately White Institutions
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Wilson, Kelsey Symone
Qualitative research is scant on success factors of professional identity development for female African American counselor educators, specifically those who graduated from CACREP-accredited counselor education and supervision programs at predominately White institutions (PWIs). The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the lived experiences of female African American counselor educators who attended a CACREP-accredited counselor education and supervision program at a (PWI). This study focused on the phenomenon of success factors of professional identity development to doctoral degree completion. This study examined the lived experiences of 10 female African American counselor educators to gain a better understanding of how their experiences at CACREP-accredited counselor educations and supervision programs at a (PWI) impacted success of professional identity development to doctoral degree completion. It used a qualitative, phenomenological methodology grounded in Intersectionality theory, Black Feminist thought, and Critical Race theory as frameworks. There were three research questions to guide the study in the participants’ perceptions of professional identity development and the impact of success factors of professional identity development on doctoral degree completion. This study conducted semi-structured interviews with ten female African American counselor educators who completed doctoral degrees in (PWIs) in the United States. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Moustakas (1994) Modification of Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen data analysis. The goals of this study was to: a) review and present literature on female African American in the academy; b) increase knowledge on professional identity among female African American counselor educators who attended a CACREP -accredited counselor education and supervision program at (PWIs) in the United States; and c) explore ways to increase professional identity development to support female African American doctoral students to complete their doctoral degree and move into counselor education positions. Ten African American females who graduated from CACREP-accredited counselor education and supervision programs were interviewed. There were six themes: Convenience of the Location, Importance of support from Dissertation chair, Representation of African American women with PhDs in the community, I was needed and access, Being a Black woman in that space and Voice, Faith-based community and I prayed. Recommendations and directions for future research are discussed.
A Qualitative Research Study to Explore the Lived Experiences of Females who are Homeless and Living in Shelters
(North Dakota State University, 2015) Onungwe, Mary Ollor
Homelessness could affect all persons at some point in life regardless of age, gender, race and class if a person falls prey to certain risk factors such as chronic mental illness, addiction, family disruptions, and sudden or protracted unemployment. The female population is at a greater disadvantage of falling prey to becoming homeless by virtue of their gender and implicit and explicit gender inequality principles woven in society's structural system. The researcher focuses on the female homeless population in order to understand and explore the unique challenges they encounter that have led them to experience homelessness. In addition, the researcher specifically questions why homelessness continues to be a problem because social service programs are often available for persons in need before they become homeless. Themes that emerged from the study were better understood utilizing three counseling theories: Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT), Psychodynamic Theory and Narrative Theory. RCT posits that human beings grow through and toward connection. Human beings need connections to flourish, and stay alive. Psychodynamic Theory takes a developmental approach to examine early childhood experiences, whether they be positive or negative, and how such experiences and life events may affect a person's adult life. Finally, Narrative Theory takes into consideration a persons' story, and how this population makes meaning from their experiences. The narratives of this specific population is imperative to give a voice to those who don't have a voice, in particular giving a voice to the female homeless population who are doubly invisible in today's society. It is also necessary to examine such narratives for problem laden or solution focused language; Narrative Theory therefore, offers insight into the power of the word of mouth, tales, stories, accounts, descriptions and what individuals choose to retain or forget during traumatic experiences. To this effect, the researcher will conduct a qualitative study by interviewing females who are homeless and residing in shelters in order to understand their unique experiences of homelessness and to deduce how they structured meaning from their circumstances. To enhance the questionings surrounding this dilemma, females residing in shelters in the upper Midwest region were interviewed.
A Relational Investigation of the Therapeutic Alliance in Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Study
(North Dakota State University, 2017) Brown, Jessica Ann
Phenomenological inquiry was utilized to explore clients’ lived experiences with the therapeutic alliance in substance abuse treatment at a low intensity residential treatment center in East-Central Minnesota. Five females and ten males ranging in ages between 20-55 years of age participated in individual interviews. Moustakas’s (1994) modification of the Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method was the approach utilized for data analysis. The researcher identified several themes and subthemes during data analysis. The researcher identified four major themes (Working with their counselor helped clients learn about themselves; Mutuality deepened the client-counselor relationship; Clients valued their counselors connecting them with resources; and Clients appreciated that their counselors held them accountable by inquiring about behaviors or progress toward identified goals). Several subthemes were identified (Uncovering hidden insights; Counselor genuine self-disclosure as a means of establishing mutuality and relatability; and Counselors sharing emotion). A relational framework was utilized to address alliance formation issues unique to addiction treatment, specifically client engagement. Implications for practice and research will be discussed.
School Counseling Supervision: A Qualitative Summary from the Perspective of School Counseling Site-Supervisors
(North Dakota State University, 2012) Stahl Ladbury, Janelle L.
School counseling supervision is an area of research that has limited information available to school counselors. As a result, a qualitative study from the perspective of school counseling site-supervisors was conducted to address the following three research questions 1) What is good school counseling supervision?, 2) What exemplifies exceptional school counseling site-supervisors?, and 3) Why do school counselors become involved in school counseling supervision? In order to best address the questions in this study, the researcher conducted individual phone interviews with ten participants working as school counseling site-supervisors throughout the United States. To increase the trustworthiness of the study the following methods were used: member checks, data saturation, triangulation, the peer review process, identification of the researcher's perspective, maximum variation, an audit trail, and participant quotations. As a result of the study, the researcher identified seven major themes. The themes identified in the study are: 1) Good school counseling supervision facilitates professional growth and development of the school counseling intern from a developmental perspective, 2) Good school counseling supervision establishes a collaborative working relationship for the intern with the supervisor and the school's stakeholders, 3) Good school counseling supervision establishes an environment that is conducive to learning, flexible and well-defined, 4) An exceptional school counseling supervisor is aware of the developmental process of the school counseling intern, 5) An exceptional school counseling supervisor acts as an educator, counselor and consultant throughout the internship experience, 6) An exceptional school counseling supervisor is self-aware and reflective in their own work as a school counselor, and 7) School counselors become involved in school counseling supervision as a part of their professional growth, continual development of the counseling profession and to maintain the professional identity of a school counselor. Finally, the researcher provides a summary of the research study's results identifying connections between the results, the existing literature and how this study fills current gaps. Additionally, the researcher provides a critical analysis of the study, the study's limitations and areas for future research to enhance the field of school counseling supervision.
School Counselors Promoting Self-Care: An Action Based Research Project
(North Dakota State University, 2021) Albrecht, Lorraine
Now, more than ever, teachers are experiencing many daily demands, sometimes with limited resources or support. Teachers and school staff are expected to play a significant role in modeling positive social and emotional behaviors through supportive student relationships, yet those adults may be experiencing distress due to stress or anxiety and are most likely the ones most in need of support (Gordon & Turner, 2011). The People Project is a project that focuses on promoting health through happiness in Cass County of North Dakota and Clay County of Minnesota. The foundation of the People Project is based on the work of Martin Seligman, an American Psychologist known for his work with positive psychology and wellbeing. In his book, Flourish (2011) Seligman wrote about “Wellbeing Theory”. In Flourish, Seligman (2011) breaks down happiness into workable terms such as positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (PERMA). Using PERMA as a framework, leaders of the People Project developed practices designed to address the elements of PERMA. The goal of the research was to identify how the simple wellbeing practices of People Project have an impact on work-setting, happiness, and wellbeing for secondary educators. An action-based research project informed by phenomenology was used to explore the research question, how did teachers at the secondary level experience the People Project? Four themes emerged along with several subthemes. The four main themes that emerged were (1) insight into the behaviors of self and others, (2) vulnerability and risk-taking (3) intentionality and (4) culture, along with several subthemes.
Stress and Work-Task Satisfaction: School Counselors' Perspective
(North Dakota State University, 2017) Schmaltz, Kathleen Marie
The study’s first purpose was to give school counselors a “voice” regarding their perceived stress. The second purpose was to investigate the relationship between school counselors’ work satisfaction across 12 counselor-related activities and perceived stress as measured by the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). A question about stressors and the variables of gender, age, prior teaching experience, years of experience as a school counselor, school setting, and caseload added definition to the study. This research attempted a census of all North Dakota’s school counselors who had practiced for the last 30 days prior to completing the survey. Initially, participants self-administered and self-selected the survey mode via a URL, QR code, or hyperlink; later, a paper option was offered. When asked about their stressors, 64.6% (n = 204) of the school counselors reported that their greatest stressors in the last 30 days were work-related. The PSS-10 average score was 13.55 on a scale of 0-32, indicating a low-moderate level of stress. As the years of prior teaching experience and experience as a school counselor increased, the perceived stress decreased. No relationship was found between the school counselors’ practice setting or caseload and their perceived stress. Overall, as school counselors’ work satisfaction decreased, school counselors’ perceived stress increased. This relationship was statistically significant for all twelve of the appropriate school counselor activities, but the strength of the relationships varied from a Spearman’s Rho of -.16 for classroom guidance to -.41 for individual academic advising. School counselors who were required to perform ASCA-defined inappropriate activities had a statistically significant, higher perceived stress score than school counselors who were not required to perform those activities. The results, limitations of this study, and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Two Females, One Family: Exploring Counselors’ Role during Third-Party Family Formation
(North Dakota State University, 2018) Danielson, Jessica
“Same-sex women” households are the third largest household in the United States (Rausch & Wikoff, 2017). Female partners are increasingly deciding to have children in the context of their queer relationships (Dionisius, 2015) and are aiding to redefine traditional conceptions of family (Ben-Ari & Livni, 2006; Wall, 2011). However, female partner family formation is unique due to limited resources, a multitude of decisions, and layers of heteronormativity and discrimination. There is scant research available outside nursing literature, yet often to receive third-party fertility services fertility counseling is required. This qualitative study utilized Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore the experiences of female partners receiving third-party fertility treatments during family formation and to investigate counseling’s potential role in the family formation process. Three female partner couples were interviewed, individually. There were two emerging themes: love and disconnection. Counselors are encouraged to address love and disconnection when working with female partners engaging in family formation. More specifically, to enhance love counselors can address relational images and integrity and to heal disconnection counselors can address autonomy and belonging. Recommendations and directions for future research are discussed.

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