Plant Sciences

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Research from the Department of Plant Sciences. The department website may be found athttps://www.ag.ndsu.edu/plantsciences

Blizzard Watch is the newsletter for the Department of Plant Sciences and can be found at https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28265

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Browsing Plant Sciences by Subject "antioxidant"

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    Dual Role of Phenolic Bioactives in Improving Functional Health Benefits and Abiotic Stress Resilience in Barley
    (North Dakota State University, 2021) Ramakrishna, Ramnarain
    Food insecurity, climate change, and public health challenges are interconnected and pressing issues facing humanity in the 21st century. Therefore, it is imperative to address key obstacles underlying food and nutritional insecurity by developing strategies to concurrently improve the nutritional benefits and environmental stress resilience of food crops. The metabolic and physiological roles of plant-derived phenolic compounds are particularly relevant in addressing these challenges. Phenolic compounds are an integral part of plant adaptive defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses. When consumed as part of diet, certain phenolic compounds from plant-based foods also provide wider protection against metabolic breakdowns and related health risks associated with non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). Therefore, the central theme of this dissertation is to delineate the dual protective roles of phenolic compounds in improving crop stress resilience and their human health protective functions, specifically antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic benefits supporting management of early stages of type 2 diabetes. Barley was used as a model crop; initially several malting barley samples were screened based on their phenolic-linked antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic functions using in vitro assay models. Following metabolically driven screening, novel bioprocessed elicitor treatments such as marine protein hydrolysates and chitosan oligosaccharides were used as seed and foliar treatments to improve type 2 diabetes supporting dietary functions through upregulation of proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway (PAPPP), which is linked to the biosynthesis of phenolic metabolites. Improvement of phenolic biosynthesis and type 2 diabetes related benefits were observed in grains and sprouts with targeted elicitor treatments. Further, elicitor treatments were also found to positively improve PAPPP-linked metabolic responses under abiotic stresses, such as high soil salinity and water logging stress. From a human health perspective, food barley tea and coffee were found to have significant phenolic-linked antioxidant, and anti-hyperglycemic benefits. Additionally, integrated bioprocessing strategy by combining sprouting with mixed Kefir culture-mediated fermentation was found to improve phenolic-linked antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, and human gut health benefits relevant functionalities in pigmented and unpigmented food barley substrates. Therefore, these metabolically driven strategies can be targeted to screen both abiotic stress resilience and human health protective functions in malting and food barley varieties.
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    Improvement of the Physicochemical Attributes and Antioxidants Profiles from Pulse Seeds through Germination
    (North Dakota State University, 2019) Xu, Minwei
    Edible pulse seeds are good sources of food ingredients. Germination has been regarded as an effective process to further improve nutrient digestibility and accessibility of pulse seeds. Our aim was to observe the effect of germination on proximate composition, physicochemical attributes, and phenolic profiles of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Merr.), and yellow pea (Pisum sativum L.). In addition, mechanisms of how germination affects the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds were proposed. Chemical composition, thermal, pasting, and moisture adsorption properties of pulse flours were investigated over 6 days of germination. Protein contents increased by 3 percent points for all pulses over germination. However, lentil had the highest protein content. Lipid contents decreased over germination with chickpea having the greatest decline, from 8.00 to 5.90 g/100g (d.b.). Total starch decreased in lentil and yellow pea during germination. Thermal properties of pulse flours changed slightly, while pasting properties varied among pulses. The highest final viscosities for chickpea, lentil, and yellow pea flours were 1061, 981, and 1052 cP and were observed after 2, 1, and 0 days of germination, respectively. Moisture adsorption isotherms showed improved water adsorption capabilities after germination. Soluble free (SFPs) and polar soluble bound phenolic compounds (PSBPs) were extracted from germinated pulse seeds. Their antioxidant activities were evaluated using both the in vitro system and stripped soybean oil (SSO)-in-water emulsions. Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle-light-scattering and refractive-index detection were employed to analyze the phenolic composition and molar mass, respectively. Antioxidant activities of SFPs increased in both in vitro and SSO-in-water emulsion system, however, much lower than those of PSBPs based on SSO-in-water emulsion system. The effect of germination on PSBPs in SSO-in-water emulsion varied between pulses. By virtue of chemometric analysis, nine phenolic compounds were speculated as the pivotal phenolic compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity of PSBPs. In particular, the molar masses of PSBPs had a positive relationship with their antioxidant activity. Protective and co-antioxidative principles were proposed as reasons for the variability of antioxidant activities of PSBPs in oil-in-water emulsions with germination.