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Item Examining Therapeutic Ultrasound Manufacturer Brands, Models, and Common Treatment Parameters Amongst Clinically Practicing Athletic Trainers(North Dakota State University, 2021) Dimino, Christopher JamesContext: Textbook parameters for thermal ultrasound are based on research using the Omnisound 3000 unit. No study has been performed to observe common brands of ultrasound (US) units available to athletic trainers (ATs), or the US parameters they commonly use. Objective: Determine commonly reported US units and heating parameters used by ATs. Design: Digital survey. Setting: Online survey database – Qualtrics. Participants: 21 responding ATs (mean 12.5 ±10.6 years ATC) Results: Chattanooga brand is the most available brand US unit by respondents. Respondent parameters tended to reach 1 and 2°C heating thresholds, but mostly failed to achieve 4°C threshold. Parameters did not differ between more experienced (≥10 years ATC) and less experienced ATCs (≤10 Years ATC). Conclusions: Parameter guidelines need to be updated for clinically effective US use. Key words: therapeutic ultrasound, heating rates, parameters.Item A Review and Analysis of Current Treatment Approaches Used by Athletic Trainers for Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome(North Dakota State University, 2021) Mita, TakashiCertified athletic trainers (ATs) are often tasked to treat Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) in the athletic population. Further, they are expected to provide effective treatment approaches based on the scientific evidence. The goal of this study was to review current treatment options chosen by ATs and to assess possible relationships between AT’s demographics and their chosen treatment options. This web-based survey was completed by 131 ATs. The survey collected demographic information and treatment options used. Data were analyzed to assess the relationships between treatment options and independent variables including clinical setting, education, and years of experience. Four relationships were found between independent variables and the use of treatment options. Based on a review of the literature, most treatment options selected by ATs are supported by existing evidence. It is essential for ATs to have knowledge of the best treatment option based on available resources in their particular clinical setting.Item Use of the Graston Technique® in Clinical Practice by Certified Athletic Trainers(North Dakota State University, 2020) Treloar, Jenna MarieThe Graston Technique® is a common treatment that combines a warm-up, Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM), stretching, and strengthening protocols. The treatment is commonly chosen by clinicians to treat musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine how the Graston Technique® is used in clinical practice by certified athletic trainers to compare to recommendations made by the Graston Technique®. Factors such as time, expense, lack of training in the Graston Technique®, availability of resources, and an overall lack of evidence-based recommendations may have influenced inconsistencies in clinical practice. Although the technique is not always performed according to recommendations, these findings suggest both clinicians and patients report objective and subjective improvements when treating musculoskeletal pathologies regardless of the techniques used.Item Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality in Certified Athletic Trainers(North Dakota State University, 2020) Lammert, Lucas WilliamCertified athletic trainers (ATCs) are often the first to respond to an athletic sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and are expected to administer the highest quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) possible. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between confidence and CPR quality in ATCs. Fifty ATCs completed confidence questionnaires before and after performing a prolonged CPR assessment on a medium-fidelity manikin. CPR data included measures of chest compression and ventilation quality. Data were analyzed to compare confidence levels pre- and post-CPR assessment, as well as to determine the relationship between CPR performance and self-efficacy. A small, negative correlation was found between confidence and CPR performance but performing a prolonged session of CPR did not affect confidence levels. Overall CPR quality was adequate, but ventilations and compression rates were lacking. The relationship between confidence and CPR quality must be explored further to help revise athletic training educational curricula.