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Item Adaptive Architectural Value Engineering: Methods(North Dakota State University, 2017) Meyer, Christopher D.To develop an architectural design with an optimal solution, an understanding of the mechanics of design process becomes important. In 'Design by Optimization in architecture, Building, and Construction', architectural design is defined as a goal-directed activity in which decisions are made about the physical for of the building and their components in order to ensure their fitness for the intended purposes. Further, that design itself is comprised of three primary identifiable phases, problem analysis, design synthesis, and design evolution, which are performed in a cyclical process by conscious or unconscious sorting of design goals. (Greo, Radford, 1988) This process of design moves from generalizations about design defined in a broad terms, methods, and doctrines, and results in optimal design solutions. These solutions may or may not be the optimal answer to the design problems. The cyclical form of design becomes well suited for the introduction of value mapping and continual improvement practices. Architectural design is not often thought of in this manner, lacking proper evaluation of design changes and post occupancy analysis. Gero and Radford, 1988, refer to the a bias present in design practice in which a designer over rely on personal judgment in the decisions affecting the tradeoffs between design solutions without proper numerical or practical reasoning to meet client or social expectations at the cost of performance in the final product. Does form follow function, or function follow form? In a optimal method of design, the cyclical evolution of the solutions allows for both statements to be true. This allows a balancing of aesthetics to performance sought in an optimal solution to a design problem.Item Participatory Design | Public Private Partnerships | Crowdfunding: Creative Financing Solutions for the Modern World of Architecture(North Dakota State University, 2015) Gram, RyanThe process of an architectural project has long followed the same lineage. - Site selection - Financing - Programming - Design - Construction - Maintenance - Post-Occupancy Review. One of the biggest differences in Participatory Design, Public Private Partnerships or Crowdfunding is the involvement of the stakeholders and how that affects the delivery model. These types of creative financing for a building project can be service driven, profit driven or simply to find a solution to a complex problem. Many firms will participate in the 1% movement, vowing to donate 1% of their time to service projects for no profit. The primary goal of this project is to investigate and find that all of these delivery models can prove profitable for a firm so they can increase their participation in these types of projects. Each one of these delivery models can increase a firm's presence in their communities. Community engagement through Participatory Design, Public Private Partnerships or Crowdfunding, is a great way for a firm to give back, establish a presence and it is great PR. In a changing world, these delivery models will make a greater impression on the design field in the future. Does success and community acceptance of a project increase when the community members are engaged? Looking at projects of both top-bottom and bottom-top organization does the success change? Rather than telling a community what they are missing can the community itself help a design team understand what typology will benefit the community's needs? Engaging the community in decision making and in the design and construction itself historically shows greater project outcome.Item How Can Declining Rural Communities in North Dakota Be Saved?(North Dakota State University, 2023) Seamands, SydneyRural North Dakota has become somewhat of an abandoned land. There are dozens of small communities, with major service gaps and unsustainable populations. With the death of each rural town, the state loses pieces of its history, as unique cultures, and buildings decay alongside the highways. Witnessing these townships fall into despair, going unused with years of embodied energy wasted, has partly inspired this investigation. Why didn't these towns survive? Are all of North Dakota's small rural communities destined to meet the same fate? Exploring the possibility of reviving historically declining rural towns would not only breathe new life into the state, but also respond to modern challenges. This research aims to identify a program for successful rural revitalization in North Dakota. Socioeconomic policies and facility updates and additions will inform best practices for the prosperity of rural towns looking to attract residents, businesses, and opportunities.Item The Relationship of the Space and the Sacred(North Dakota State University, 2015) Vang, HueThe word sacred brings to mind, a space that is holy and religious. Although in the current generation, sacred is not just about the holy and religious but more about the mental peace of the mind. A sacred space thrives to answer questions we cannot find in our normal lives. Some religious post positivist believe the scared sometimes cannot always be generalized as sacred by everyone. The idea that what is sacred is only unique and calls upon oneself under individualism. But in some way, through religious positivism maybe there is something, an element, a hierarchy, a sense of repetitious, a symbol that can produce a sense of sacredness. The answer of such arguments, may only be revealed by inductive reasoning with some type of simulation. The simulation of a designed enclosed space, where the user has no knowledge of the typology of the building, and tested to see how they feel in the space.Item The Integration of Architecture and Empowerment: Inserting Architectural Design into Refugee Camps to Empower Refugees Worldwide(North Dakota State University, 2018) Salmela, LauraHow can the insertion of architecture and design into refugee habitats empower refugees individually and collectively in specific locations globally? The goal of this research project is to discover ways in which the design and infrastructure of current refugee camps might be improved by creative thinking and architectural design. First, the identification of major issues within camps were identified through a qualitative analysis of case studies and literature reviews. These problems include dependence on external aid and a lack of autonomy, empowerment, and development. Then, architectural solutions to these issues are identified and proposed through the analyses of two specific refugee camps. The result is a set of specific design interventions which can be inserted into each refugee camp. This includes schematic placement of architectural interventions, building typologies, construction methods, construction materials, as well as a plan of implementation, which includes refugee involvement. Also, general issues within most refugee camps were identified and presented, along with general architectural solutions and guidelines to improve autonomy.Item The Language of BIM: Industry Foundation Classes for the Reduction of Construction Time(North Dakota State University, 2013) Weiss, MatthewIndustry Foundation Classes, or IFCs for short, exist for the safe transfer of digital building information between professions. The language of IFC has been prevalent between some architectural firms and their corresponding engineering firms since the inception of BIM (Building Information Modeling). The transfer of this IFC data between persons, programs, and business systems has allowed for a much-enhanced project delivery, resulting in less waste, less frustration, less money spent, and consequently less construction time. However, as it is, only few firms utilize BIM technology, and fewer understand and/or utilize Industry Foundation Classes. Though there is relatively clear dialogue between the designer and engineer via standardized technology, there is much dissonance between 'architecture language' and 'contractor language'. This paper provides analysis into the topic of Industry Foundation Classes as the interoperable language between architect and contractor, and how IFCs can be utilized effectively by both architect and general contractor in creating a smarter construction schedule, thereby reducing construction time. It aims at providing hope for the dissemination of this knowledge to all professions involved in the building trades, and for better communication of information between architect and contractor.Item Examining Diverse Learning Spaces and Their Effect on Student Learning(North Dakota State University, 2015) Ertl, TylerEducation has been at the forefront of all cultures since the beginning of time. Its significance, often described and held to different standards throughout the world, has often relied on its instructors, setting, and facilities. As technology develops, its role in today's schools and educational facilities grows. Many of those schools do not have the facilities to keep up with the ever-changing technologies that the instructors must use to stay relevant. This research provides architectural solutions to the shifting needs of today's learning from traditional to 21st Century environments. Educational spaces that inhibit features conducive to student learning that are also engaging for those students can bridge even the largest of cultural gaps. Research investigates and analyzes which learning methods are successful and precedents that demonstrate them. It also examines architectural layouts that best support this variety of instruction methods.Item Research of Sandy Hook Elementary, the New and Improved(North Dakota State University, 2022) Krutsinger, BrookeSchool safety has been a part of the political discussion all over the world about both large scale (a country) and small (a city). According to US News, for the school year 2020-2021 alone, there were a total of 93 schools that had an active shooter that resulted with casualties (not including threats), and according to EdWeek, there have been 30 school shootings where there were injuries, including 28 people killed, just in the year 2022 so far. The fact that these numbers keep increasing from previous decades, and that the school year is just starting after having to combat a pandemic, people and families fear sending their kids to schools for more reasons than one. That is why I am studying possible floor plans and materials that ideally prevent the event from happening, or if the tragic event occurs, then the possibility for reinforcements to arrive before there are injuries is greater. I plan on using AnyLogic to study the average foot traffic of secondary age students as well as to see how an emergency plays out. I will stimulate both one and multiple shooters, and the police department on scene right away and later. Once I have a floor plan that can help students stay safe, I will research materials that are thicker and stronger to prevent bullets going through. Safety is always the number one concern to parents and school officials, that is why I believe that the floor plans and materials can be strategically chosen to provide more safety for students and staff.Item Border Catalog: Integrated Sense of Border(North Dakota State University, 2019) Johnson, HelenDespite the popularity of border issues in today's media, the spatial organization which borders create remain unrecognized. This paper discusses the relationship between architecture and borders through a catalog which organizes borders into three categories; social, personal and a combination of the two types of borders. Looking at a border through the lenses of a designer offers a variety of perspectives into the different ways in which individuals and societies cross borders. From this perspective, they are no longer looked at as a physical line, but as tool, which humans created to bring order to chaos within the mind and the physical world.Item Thesis Research: Project Program(North Dakota State University, 2018) McLaughlin, AugustinThe research conducted for the Park City project involved analyzing the real estate market of Manhattan. Data was gathered in order to create an accurate commercial space program with an optimal amount of office, retail, and hospitality space within the Park City development. Residential and commercial rents and sales figures were calculated using current and historical. Additional census data was used to provide a more in depth look into the likely composition of the projects program. Academic articles were used to analyze and shape the major characteristics of the project. The following tables and charts contain the statistics used in the thesis research. The data is broken down and summarized into Park City's project program and its financial revenues. The program that was created will then be implemented into the design phase of the project in Spring 2019.