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    Effects of Swine Slurry on Sorption of 17~-estradiol to Soil
    (North Dakota State University, 2011) Zitnick-Anderson, Kimberly Korthauer
    178-estradiol (E2) is a potent endocrine disrupting compound that is found in swine manure. Liquid swine manure or otherwise knov.n as swine slurry is commonly used as a form of fertilizer in agricultural practices. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that E2 binds readily and strongly to soil and degrades within hours. However, field studies detect E2 in the environment at frequencies that suggest its moderate mobility and persistence. The objective of this study was to determine if colloidal organic carbon (COC; < I kDa) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC;> I kDa to< 0.45μm) from swine slurry affect the sorption and persistence of E2 in soil. Batch experiments were used to determine the sorption of 14C labeled E2 in soil with slurry solution compared to the sorption of E2 in soil with only a 0.0IM CaCh solution. Samples were quantified for total radioactivity using liquid scintillation counting (LSC), and thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to identify the formation of any E2 metabolites. Oxidation analysis was also used to determine the quantitative amounts of extractable and non-extractable E2 and metabolites at each time point in the aqueous and soil-bound phases. To determine ifE2 preferentially associated with a manure organic carbon fraction (DOC or COC), ultrafiltration was performed. Although E2 was present in both the slurry and CaCh solution phase after 14 d, the fractional recovery for E2 in the slurry solution was 12% and only 8% for the CaCh solution. 17~-estradiol persisted in the parent form and did not convert to its metabolite, estrone (El) in the slurry solution. In the CaCh solution, conversion ofE2 to El was complete after 3 d. Ultrafiltraion results indicated that E2 preferentially associated with the COC fraction of the slurry. Results suggest that the suspended COC fraction facilitates the persistence and potential mobility of E2 in the soil environment.
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    Understanding the Role of Soils in Decision Making: Urban Agriculture and Septic Systems
    (North Dakota State University, 2022) Ohm, Hannah Marissa
    Rural and urban dwellers frequently face decisions relating to human health. Among these are issues pertaining to water quality, and the availability of safe and nutritious food. Rural septic systems treat household wastewater which could contaminate surface and near surface waters if left untreated. In urban areas and food deserts the quality of the locally sourced food may be of concern. Many of these issues can be resolved with access to current soils information and interpretations, and an understanding of how the soil functions in the user’s area of interest. From planting a community garden to replacing a failing septic system, decisions can be made with the help of experts in their respective fields. Agencies like the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and local professionals can assist stakeholders in making the best-informed decisions when it comes to mitigating potentially harmful water and producing safe food.